207 research outputs found

    Optimal Eventfulness of Narratives

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    OpenAccess Series in Informatics (OASICS)This study examines whether there is an optimal degree of eventfulness of short narratives. We ask whether there is a specific degree of eventfulness (unexpectedness) that makes them “stick” better than other stories so that they are maintained more faithfully in serial reproduction (telephone games). The result is: probably not. The finding is that there is an impressive correlation of eventfulness rankings of original stories and resulting retellings in serial reproduction, despite the change of many other story elements and almost regardless of low or high eventfulness. Put more simply, people remember and retell “eventfulness” accurately, even when the actual events and circumstances of a story are changed

    Sinaloa in der ZEIT.: ComputergestĂŒtzte Analyse von Ereignishaftigkeit und ErzĂ€hlwĂŒrdigkeit in einem Korpus journalistischer ErzĂ€hlungen

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    Annotation in CATMA helps measure the eventfulness and tellability of narrative within a given corpus. To analyze the narrations that mention the name of Sinaloa, Mexico, across 25 years’ issues of a German newspaper, DIE ZEIT, I follow the annotation protocol established by Vauth et al. (2021). The protocol yields a numeric index of eventfulness that can be used for the comparison of narrative texts within the corpus. The distribution of event types throughout the texts can also be used in order to represent styles of narration as a graph. In addition to this, plot tellability qua literariness can be quantified through the kind and distribution of transtextual and plot-relevant metapoetic cues. This twofold model of assessing eventfulness and tellability may seem simplistic in comparison to state of the art artificial intelligence research on event narration and plot understanding; however, this is offset by the promising advantages of integrating hermeneutic annotation – as an adequate implementation of human reading habits – with linguistic categories that can be used in machine learning models

    Fact vs. Affect in the Telephone Game: All Levels of Surprise Are Retold With High Accuracy, Even Independently of Facts

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    When people retell stories, what guides their retelling? Most previous research on story retelling and story comprehension has focused on information accuracy as the key measure of stability in transmission. This paper suggests that there is a second, affective, dimension that provides stability for retellings, namely the audience affect of surprise. In a large-sample study with multiple iterations of retellings, we found evidence that people are quite accurate in preserving all degrees of surprisingness in serial reproduction – even when the event that produced the surprisingness in the original story is dropped or changed. Thus, we propose that the preservation of affect is an implicit goal of retelling: merely do retellers not recall highly surprising events better, but rather they register all levels of surprisingness precisely and aim to surprise their implied audience to same degree. This study used 2,389 participants.Significance Statement: Story retelling is a process whereby cultural information is transmitted horizontally across social networks and vertically down generations. For the most part, retelling research has focused on the relevance and stability of factual information, “who did what, where, when, and why”; comparatively little is known about the transmission of affective information. We suggest that affect can serve as a second axis of stability for retelling, partially independent from factual information. In serial reproduction tasks modeled after the telephone game, we find that surprisingness of stories is well preserved across retellings – even when the facts and events of the story are not. The findings are significant for the communication of information, and thereby also the stability and transformation of culture in general

    Reading late modern wartime in the Anthropocene : Elizabeth Bowen's 'The Little Girls'

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    Event Tourism, Public Policy and Socio-Cultural Development in Dublin

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    In a highly globalised, competitive world, urban strategies often highlight festivals and events as activities which can attract tourists and investors, extend the tourism season and boost the economy. Event tourism as a term is now well established in the tourism lexicon, however, it is usually employed in quite a limited way that offers only partial insights into a complex phenomenon. To redress this deficit, this paper examines the case of Dublin, where for the last twenty-five years, policy-makers have been using festivals and events to boost the city’s international standing. The aim is to investigate whether policy-makers can strategically use events to further tourism goals while simultaneously fostering socio-cultural development more broadly. Methodologically, the study reported undertakes a detailed, critical analysis of public policy documents that relate festivals and events to tourism. It finds a range of policy perspectives at play but overall, there is a clear tendency for festivals and events to be framed through an urban entrepreneurial lens that under-appreciates social and cultural issues. In contrast, a second set of findings reported from primary research undertaken at one of the main tourism–oriented festivals in the city show how festival experiences can generate enjoyment, sociability, pride, inclusion and belonging for both tourists and other city users alike, while simultaneously producing economic returns. Together, the findings of the policy analysis and the empirical case point to the need to re-think how events and tourism intersect to achieve optimal outcomes, especially in these post pandemic times when cities the world over are searching for more sustainable tourism futures. The study recommends that event tourism policy-making adopt broader, more holistic terms of reference and suggests that lessons from practice could be employed to inform better policies

    Conflict disruption: Reassessing the peaceandconflict system

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    The notion of conflict disruption is proposed as an addition to the established conflict response framework of conflict management, resolution and transformation. Drawing on Schumpeter’s idea of creative disruption, the article considers how disruptive actions or stances may trigger or operate within conflict management, resolution, or transformation Moreover, conflict disruption prompts us to think of peace and conflict in systemic terms: peaceandconflict. Thus the article concludes by discussing the wider implications of conflict disruption for four aspects of peace and conflict: Time, Power, Scale and Connectedness

    Applying institutional theories to managing megaprojects

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    © 2017 Elsevier Ltd, APM and IPMA This paper contributes to Rodney Turner's initiative to develop a theory of project management from practice. Organizational scholars studying strategy suggest that more attention needs to be paid to practices involved in organizing, as well as the institutional contexts in which these practices are embedded. Taking a cue from strategy-in-practice approaches, it is proposed that institutional theories can be used to address some questions that have not been answered adequately regarding megaprojects. Institutional theories also seem to be gaining the attention of scholars investigating large, global, infrastructure projects as reported in engineering, management and construction journals. Increasingly, it is evident that the problem areas attached to these projects stretch beyond technical issues: they must be considered as socio-technical endeavours embedded in complex institutional frames. The authors suggest that studying how to deal with institutional differences in the environment of megaprojects has both theoretical and practical implications

    Wahrnehmung von LĂ€rm in stĂ€dtischen GrĂŒnflĂ€chen

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    Der Umgang mit VerkehrslĂ€rm ist eine wachsende Herausforderung fĂŒr StĂ€dte. Denn wĂ€hrend BallungsrĂ€ume immer stĂ€rker wachsen und somit höhere Verkehrsaufkommen entstehen, gibt es auch immer mehr Bewohner, welche vor den Auswirkungen des LĂ€rms geschĂŒtzt werden mĂŒssen. Ein geeigneter RĂŒckzugsraum zur Erholung der Stadtbevölkerung von VerkehrslĂ€rm sind stĂ€dtische GrĂŒnflĂ€chen, doch auch diese sind stetig steigenden VerkehrslĂ€rmpegeln ausgesetzt. Im Rahmen der UmgebungslĂ€rmrichtlinie sollen daher GrĂŒnflĂ€chen als „Ruhige Gebiete“ geschĂŒtzt und entwickelt werden. Jedoch sind bisher keine Richtlinien vorhanden, wie diese im Kontext der LĂ€rmkompensation gestaltet werden sollen. Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet daher ZusammenhĂ€nge und Wechselwirkungen zwischen LĂ€rm und urbanen GrĂŒnflĂ€chen. Dabei soll untersucht werden, wie GrĂŒnflĂ€chen gestaltet sein sollten, damit diese einen möglichst hohen LĂ€rmentlastungseffekt erzielen. Hierbei wird geprĂŒft, welchen Einfluss verschiedene Faktoren auf die individuelle LĂ€rmwahrnehmung und die Wahl der persönlichen Aufenthaltsbereiche der Nutzer in GrĂŒnflĂ€chen haben. Die Einflussfaktoren wurden basierend auf der Literaturanalyse in drei Einflussgruppen aufgeteilt: Die Soundscape als GerĂ€uschumgebung, die GrĂŒnflĂ€che als rĂ€umliche Umgebung sowie der Nutzer als wahrnehmende Person. FĂŒr jede Einflussgruppe wurden mehrere Hypothesen aufgestellt, sodass insgesamt 13 Hypothesen zur PrĂŒfung vorlagen. Eine besonders starke ForschungslĂŒcke wurde hierbei bezĂŒglich der Verdeckung der Vegetation aufgezeigt, da es diesbezĂŒglich zwei kontrĂ€re Theorien gibt, welche beide durch verschiedene Studien gestĂŒtzt werden. Zur Datenerhebung wurden drei verschiedene Methoden verwendet: ZunĂ€chst die Methodik der Soundwalks, bei welcher die Teilnehmer eine vordefinierte Route entlanggehen und an ausgewĂ€hlten Punkten die Soundscape bezĂŒglich ihrer individuellen LĂ€rmwahrnehmung bewerten. Die Soundwalks wurden im Großen Garten in Dresden durchgefĂŒhrt und an vier Terminen nahmen insgesamt 33 Teilnehmer teil. Danach wurde ein Set an unterschiedlichen GrĂŒnflĂ€chen in Dresden ausgewĂ€hlt, in denen die beiden quantitative Untersuchungen durchgefĂŒhrt wurden: Zum einen Strukturierte Interviews, bei welchen Nutzer in den verschiedenen GrĂŒnflĂ€chen bezĂŒglich ihrer individuellen LĂ€rmwahrnehmung befragt wurden. Zum anderen wurden Quantitative Beobachtungen durchgefĂŒhrt, welche dazu dienten, die in den GrĂŒnflĂ€chen aufgesuchten Aufenthaltsbereiche einer großen Anzahl von Nutzern zu erfassen. Im Rahmen dieser beiden quantitativen Datenerhebungsmethoden wurden 388 Personen befragt sowie 12.680 Personen beobachtet. Die Auswertung der erhobenen Daten ergab, dass es mehrere Faktoren gibt, welche einen besonders deutlichen Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmung von LĂ€rm in stĂ€dtischen GrĂŒnflĂ€chen haben. Zum einen ist dies – recht offensichtlich – der vor Ort vorherrschende LĂ€rm. Dieser kann durch die Höhe der Schalldruckpegel, psychoakustische Parameter, den Anteil an verlĂ€rmter FlĂ€che und die wahrgenommene StĂ€rke von VerkehrslĂ€rm charakterisiert werden. Je höher diese Werte sind, desto schlechter wird die individuelle LĂ€rmwahrnehmung bewertet. Einen positiven Einfluss hat diesbezĂŒglich jedoch die Anwesenheit von NaturgerĂ€uschen. Aufgrund von Multisensorik hat allerdings auch die visuelle Wahrnehmung einen starken Einfluss auf die GerĂ€uschwahrnehmung. Hierbei ist zum einen die visuelle QualitĂ€t zu nennen, denn umso ansprechender eine GrĂŒnflĂ€che gestaltet ist, desto geringer wird der LĂ€rm dort wahrgenommen. Zudem wirkt sich eine komplette Verdeckung der LĂ€rmquelle – insbesondere bei Straßenverkehr – ebenfalls positiv auf die LĂ€rmwahrnehmung aus. Dies unterstĂŒtzt somit die Theorie der Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung, welche besagt, dass möglichst wenige Sinne einen unangenehmen Reiz wahrnehmen sollen. Daher fĂŒhrt auch eine semi-transparente Verdeckung der LĂ€rmquelle noch nicht zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Wahrnehmung, sondern erst eine komplette Verdeckung dieses visuellen Reizes. Der letzte untersuchte Faktor war der des Nutzers. Hierbei konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass Nutzer fĂŒr lĂ€rmsensible AktivitĂ€ten vermehrt auch ruhigere GrĂŒnflĂ€chenbereiche aufsuchen. Um AktivitĂ€ten durchzufĂŒhren, welche ortsgebunden sind und somit fest montiertes GrĂŒnflĂ€chenmobiliar wie SitzbĂ€nke oder SpielplĂ€tze benötigen, werden hingegen auch öfter lautere Bereiche genutzt. Insgesamt konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die Auswirkungen des VerkehrslĂ€rms bezogen auf die GrĂŒnflĂ€che verringert werden, wenn diese möglichst wenige VerkehrsgerĂ€usche, sondern vermehrt NaturgerĂ€usche aufweist, von einer hohen visuellen GestaltungsqualitĂ€t geprĂ€gt ist und die LĂ€rmquellen an den RĂ€ndern komplett verdeckt. Abschließend erfolgte basierend auf diesen Erkenntnissen die Erstellung eines Maßnahmenkatalogs, welcher förderliche Ziele und Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der GrĂŒnflĂ€chen vorstellt. Diese sind insbesondere im Kontext der „Ruhigen Gebiete“ geeignet, um die LĂ€rmwahrnehmung in stĂ€dtischen GrĂŒnflĂ€chen subjektiv zu mindern

    Live, here and now: experiences of immediate connection through habitual social media

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    This project examines the new dimensions and attributes of the historical construct of liveness in the current social media environment. In this scope, liveness comprises both the orchestration of the experiential and the continuous pursuit of immediacy, presence, shared experience, and authenticity in contexts marked precisely by mediation. Liveness emerges as the productively contradictory experience of immediate connection through media. This thesis deploys liveness both as its central object of enquiry and as a conceptual device to examine mediation as an experiential process in and of itself. Through a diary-interviewing study conducted with London-based social media users, it explores how ordinary experiences of and with habitual social media challenge, reaffirm, or expand our available conceptions of liveness, and assesses the extent to which liveness can be useful to illuminate our understanding of lived experiences with and of social media more broadly. In so doing, the thesis advances a critical phenomenology of mediation, focusing on perceptual processes to examine and interrogate the structures of lived experience without disregarding the social, technical, economic, and political forces that underpin the social media manifold. In examining liveness through some of the organising principles of phenomenology – temporality, spatiality, intersubjectivity, and embodiment – this thesis explores four existential quests as enacted through technical mediation. They are: the ‘real-time’ experience, the experience of ‘being there’, ‘getting involved in a shared experience’, and the ‘authentic’ experience. I conclude that the conceptual value of liveness and its relevance and endurance as a key topic of interest for media studies rest in its intrinsically contested, disputed nature of as-if-ness – of a mediation that claims also to be immediate – and in how those tensions are renewed, refashioned, and updated with the development and habituation of new technologies of communication
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