1,750 research outputs found
Studies on generalized Yule models
We present a generalization of the Yule model for macroevolution in which,
for the appearance of genera, we consider point processes with the order
statistics property, while for the growth of species we use nonlinear
time-fractional pure birth processes or a critical birth-death process.
Further, in specific cases we derive the explicit form of the distribution of
the number of species of a genus chosen uniformly at random for each time.
Besides, we introduce a time-changed mixed Poisson process with the same
marginal distribution as that of the time-fractional Poisson process.Comment: Published at https://doi.org/10.15559/18-VMSTA125 in the Modern
Stochastics: Theory and Applications (https://vmsta.org/) by VTeX
(http://www.vtex.lt/
A process of rumor scotching on finite populations
Rumor spreading is a ubiquitous phenomenon in social and technological
networks. Traditional models consider that the rumor is propagated by pairwise
interactions between spreaders and ignorants. Spreaders can become stiflers
only after contacting spreaders or stiflers. Here we propose a model that
considers the traditional assumptions, but stiflers are active and try to
scotch the rumor to the spreaders. An analytical treatment based on the theory
of convergence of density dependent Markov chains is developed to analyze how
the final proportion of ignorants behaves asymptotically in a finite
homogeneously mixing population. We perform Monte Carlo simulations in random
graphs and scale-free networks and verify that the results obtained for
homogeneously mixing populations can be approximated for random graphs, but are
not suitable for scale-free networks. Furthermore, regarding the process on a
heterogeneous mixing population, we obtain a set of differential equations that
describes the time evolution of the probability that an individual is in each
state. Our model can be applied to study systems in which informed agents try
to stop the rumor propagation. In addition, our results can be considered to
develop optimal information dissemination strategies and approaches to control
rumor propagation.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figure
Scale-free behavior of networks with the copresence of preferential and uniform attachment rules
Complex networks in different areas exhibit degree distributions with heavy
upper tail. A preferential attachment mechanism in a growth process produces a
graph with this feature. We herein investigate a variant of the simple
preferential attachment model, whose modifications are interesting for two main
reasons: to analyze more realistic models and to study the robustness of the
scale free behavior of the degree distribution. We introduce and study a model
which takes into account two different attachment rules: a preferential
attachment mechanism (with probability 1-p) that stresses the rich get richer
system, and a uniform choice (with probability p) for the most recent nodes.
The latter highlights a trend to select one of the last added nodes when no
information is available. The recent nodes can be either a given fixed number
or a proportion (\alpha n) of the total number of existing nodes. In the first
case, we prove that this model exhibits an asymptotically power-law degree
distribution. The same result is then illustrated through simulations in the
second case. When the window of recent nodes has constant size, we herein prove
that the presence of the uniform rule delays the starting time from which the
asymptotic regime starts to hold. The mean number of nodes of degree k and the
asymptotic degree distribution are also determined analytically. Finally, a
sensitivity analysis on the parameters of the model is performed
Complex network analysis and nonlinear dynamics
This chapter aims at reviewing complex network and nonlinear dynamical
models and methods that were either developed for or applied to socioeconomic
issues, and pertinent to the theme of New Economic Geography. After an introduction
to the foundations of the field of complex networks, the present summary
introduces some applications of complex networks to economics, finance, epidemic
spreading of innovations, and regional trade and developments. The chapter also
reviews results involving applications of complex networks to other relevant
socioeconomic issue
Topological fractal networks introduced by mixed degree distribution
Several fundamental properties of real complex networks, such as the
small-world effect, the scale-free degree distribution, and recently discovered
topological fractal structure, have presented the possibility of a unique
growth mechanism and allow for uncovering universal origins of collective
behaviors. However, highly clustered scale-free network, with power-law degree
distribution, or small-world network models, with exponential degree
distribution, are not self-similarity. We investigate networks growth mechanism
of the branching-deactivated geographical attachment preference that learned
from certain empirical evidence of social behaviors. It yields high clustering
and spectrums of degree distribution ranging from algebraic to exponential,
average shortest path length ranging from linear to logarithmic. We observe
that the present networks fit well with small-world graphs and scale-free
networks in both limit cases (exponential and algebraic degree distribution
respectively), obviously lacking self-similar property under a length-scale
transformation. Interestingly, we find perfect topological fractal structure
emerges by a mixture of both algebraic and exponential degree distributions in
a wide range of parameter values. The results present a reliable connection
among small-world graphs, scale-free networks and topological fractal networks,
and promise a natural way to investigate universal origins of collective
behaviors.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
Relaxation dynamics of maximally clustered networks
We study the relaxation dynamics of fully clustered networks (maximal number
of triangles) to an unclustered state under two different edge dynamics---the
double-edge swap, corresponding to degree-preserving randomization of the
configuration model, and single edge replacement, corresponding to full
randomization of the Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi random graph. We derive expressions for
the time evolution of the degree distribution, edge multiplicity distribution
and clustering coefficient. We show that under both dynamics networks undergo a
continuous phase transition in which a giant connected component is formed. We
calculate the position of the phase transition analytically using the
Erd\H{o}s--R\'enyi phenomenology
Locating the Source of Diffusion in Large-Scale Networks
How can we localize the source of diffusion in a complex network? Due to the
tremendous size of many real networks--such as the Internet or the human social
graph--it is usually infeasible to observe the state of all nodes in a network.
We show that it is fundamentally possible to estimate the location of the
source from measurements collected by sparsely-placed observers. We present a
strategy that is optimal for arbitrary trees, achieving maximum probability of
correct localization. We describe efficient implementations with complexity
O(N^{\alpha}), where \alpha=1 for arbitrary trees, and \alpha=3 for arbitrary
graphs. In the context of several case studies, we determine how localization
accuracy is affected by various system parameters, including the structure of
the network, the density of observers, and the number of observed cascades.Comment: To appear in Physical Review Letters. Includes pre-print of main
paper, and supplementary materia
A Comprehensive Analysis of Swarming-based Live Streaming to Leverage Client Heterogeneity
Due to missing IP multicast support on an Internet scale, over-the-top media
streams are delivered with the help of overlays as used by content delivery
networks and their peer-to-peer (P2P) extensions. In this context,
mesh/pull-based swarming plays an important role either as pure streaming
approach or in combination with tree/push mechanisms. However, the impact of
realistic client populations with heterogeneous resources is not yet fully
understood. In this technical report, we contribute to closing this gap by
mathematically analysing the most basic scheduling mechanisms latest deadline
first (LDF) and earliest deadline first (EDF) in a continuous time Markov chain
framework and combining them into a simple, yet powerful, mixed strategy to
leverage inherent differences in client resources. The main contributions are
twofold: (1) a mathematical framework for swarming on random graphs is proposed
with a focus on LDF and EDF strategies in heterogeneous scenarios; (2) a mixed
strategy, named SchedMix, is proposed that leverages peer heterogeneity. The
proposed strategy, SchedMix is shown to outperform the other two strategies
using different abstractions: a mean-field theoretic analysis of buffer
probabilities, simulations of a stochastic model on random graphs, and a
full-stack implementation of a P2P streaming system.Comment: Technical report and supplementary material to
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7497234
- …