Decidability Results on the Existence of Lookahead Delegators for NFA

In this paper, we study lookahead delegators for nondeterministic finite automata (NFA), which are functions that deterministically choose transitions by additionally using a bounded lookahead on the input word. Of course, the delegator has to lead to an accepting state for each word that is accepted by the NFA. In the special case where no lookahead is allowed, a delegator coincides with a deterministic transition function that preserves the language. Typical decision problems are to decide whether a delegator with a given fixed lookahead exists, or whether a delegator with some bounded lookahead exists for a given NFA. In a paper of Ravikumar and Santean from 2007, the complexity and decidability of these questions have been tackled, mainly for the case of unambiguous NFA. In this paper, we revisit the subject and provide results for the case of general NFA. First, we correct a complexity result from the above paper by showing that the existence of delegators with fixed lookahead can be decided in time polynomial in the number of states. We use two player games on graphs as a tool to obtain the result. As second contribution, we show that the problem becomes PSPACE-complete if the bound on the lookahead is a part of the input. The third result provides a bound on the maximal required amount of lookahead. We use this to show that the (previously open) problem of deciding the existence of a bounded lookahead delegator is also PSPACE-complete

Automatic synthesis of component & connector software architectures with bounded combinatory logic

Combinatory logic synthesis is a new type-based approach towards automatic synthesis of software from components in a repository. In this thesis we show how the type-based approach can naturally be used to exploit taxonomic conceptual structures in software architectures and component repositories to enable automatic composition and configuration of components, and also code generation, by associating taxonomic concepts to architectural building blocks such as, in particular, software connectors. Components of a repository are exposed for synthesis as typed combinators, where intersection types are used to represent concepts that specify intended usage and functionality of a component. An algorithm for solving the type inhabitation problem in combinatory logic - does there exist a composition of combinators with a given type? - is then used to automate the retrieval, composition, and configuration of suitable building blocks with respect to a goal specification. Since type inhabitation has high computational complexity, heuristic optimizations for the inhabitation algorithm are essential for making the approach practical. We discuss particularly important (theoretical and pragmatic) optimization strategies and evaluate them by experiments. Furthermore, we apply this synthesis approach to define a method for software connector synthesis for realistic software architectures based on a type theoretic model. We conduct experiments with a rapid prototyping tool that employs this method on complex concrete ERP- and e-Commerce-systems and discuss the results

Dagstuhl News January - December 2011

"Dagstuhl News" is a publication edited especially for the members of the Foundation "Informatikzentrum Schloss Dagstuhl" to thank them for their support. The News give a summary of the scientific work being done in Dagstuhl. Each Dagstuhl Seminar is presented by a small abstract describing the contents and scientific highlights of the seminar as well as the perspectives or challenges of the research topic

Recent advances in petri nets and concurrency

CEUR Workshop Proceeding

Dynamic encapsulation of C++ objects

Classes in C++ provide static encapsulation of objects, by generating code which contains specific knowledge about the internals of encapsulated objects. Static encapsulation occurs at compile time, and therefore cannot directly support the evolution of objects, since recompilation of source code is required if the internal layout changes. This also prohibits the use of distributed or persistent objects without first ensuring that the internal representations of the objects match the ones in the compiled code. Dynamic encapsulation occurs at run-time, and allows the compiled code to exist without the knowledge of any particular object representation. Abstract base classes with C++ virtual functions support a limited form of dynamic encapsulation, but only for objects originally designated to inherit from those classes. Some languages, such as Smalltalk, support dynamic encapsulation, but with significantly less performance than statically encapsulated languages. An object model using dynamic type-binding is presented which allows the flexibility of dynamic encapsulation with much of the efficiency of static encapsulation. With this model, objects can potentially communicate and migrate across address space and network boundaries without specific prior knowledge of representations, and can invoke functions on local objects with no more run-time overhead than standard C++ virtual function calls. This dynamic encapsulation model is incorporated into DC++, a C++-based language with extensions that allow for the dynamic encapsulation of existing C++ objects, and DECO (the Dynamic Encapsulator of C++ Objects), a utility for converting DC++ source code into C++

Extensible Languages for Flexible and Principled Domain Abstraction

Die meisten Programmiersprachen werden als Universalsprachen entworfen. Unabhängig von der zu entwickelnden Anwendung, stellen sie die gleichen Sprachfeatures und Sprachkonstrukte zur Verfügung. Solch universelle Sprachfeatures ignorieren jedoch die spezifischen Anforderungen, die viele Softwareprojekte mit sich bringen. Als Gegenkraft zu Universalsprachen fördern domänenspezifische Programmiersprachen, modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung und sprachorientierte Programmierung die Verwendung von Domänenabstraktion, welche den Einsatz von domänenspezifischen Sprachfeatures und Sprachkonstrukten ermöglicht. Insbesondere erlaubt Domänenabstraktion Programmieren auf dem selben Abstraktionsniveau zu programmieren wie zu denken und vermeidet dadurch die Notwendigkeit Domänenkonzepte mit universalsprachlichen Features zu kodieren. Leider ermöglichen aktuelle Ansätze zur Domänenabstraktion nicht die Entfaltung ihres ganzen Potentials. Einerseits mangelt es den Ansätzen für interne domänenspezifische Sprachen an Flexibilität bezüglich der Syntax, statischer Analysen, und Werkzeugunterstützung, was das tatsächlich erreichte Abstraktionsniveau beschränkt. Andererseits mangelt es den Ansätzen für externe domänenspezifische Sprachen an wichtigen Prinzipien, wie beispielsweise modularem Schließen oder Komposition von Domänenabstraktionen, was die Anwendbarkeit dieser Ansätze in der Entwicklung größerer Softwaresysteme einschränkt. Wir verfolgen in der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit einen neuartigen Ansatz, welcher die Vorteile von internen und externen domänenspezifischen Sprachen vereint um flexible und prinzipientreue Domänenabstraktion zu unterstützen. Wir schlagen bibliotheksbasierte erweiterbare Programmiersprachen als Grundlage für Domänenabstraktion vor. In einer erweiterbaren Sprache kann Domänenabstraktion durch die Erweiterung der Sprache mit domänenspezifischer Syntax, statischer Analyse, und Werkzeugunterstützung erreicht werden . Dies ermöglicht Domänenabstraktionen die selbe Flexibilität wie externe domänenspezifische Sprachen. Um die Einhaltung üblicher Prinzipien zu gewährleisten, organisieren wir Spracherweiterungen als Bibliotheken und verwenden einfache Import-Anweisungen zur Aktivierung von Erweiterungen. Dies erlaubt modulares Schließen (durch die Inspektion der Import-Anweisungen), unterstützt die Komposition von Domänenabstraktionen (durch das Importieren mehrerer Erweiterungen), und ermöglicht die uniforme Selbstanwendbarkeit von Spracherweiterungen in der Entwicklung zukünftiger Erweiterungen (durch das Importieren von Erweiterungen in einer Erweiterungsdefinition). Die Organisation von Erweiterungen in Form von Bibliotheken ermöglicht Domänenabstraktionen die selbe Prinzipientreue wie interne domänenspezifische Sprachen. Wir haben die bibliotheksbasierte erweiterbare Programmiersprache SugarJ entworfen und implementiert. SugarJ Bibliotheken können Erweiterungen der Syntax, der statischen Analyse, und der Werkzeugunterstützung von SugarJ deklarieren. Eine syntaktische Erweiterung besteht dabei aus einer erweiterten Syntax und einer Transformation der erweiterten Syntax in die Basissyntax von SugarJ. Eine Erweiterung der Analyse testet Teile des abstrakten Syntaxbaums der aktuellen Datei und produziert eine Liste von Fehlern. Eine Erweiterung der Werkzeugunterstützung deklariert Dienste wie Syntaxfärbung oder Codevervollständigung für bestimmte Sprachkonstrukte. SugarJ Erweiterungen sind vollkommen selbstanwendbar: Eine erweiterte Syntax kann in eine Erweiterungsdefinition transformiert werden, eine erweiterte Analyse kann Erweiterungsdefinitionen testen, und eine erweiterte Werkzeugunterstützung kann Entwicklern beim Definieren von Erweiterungen assistieren. Um eine Quelldatei mit Erweiterungen zu verarbeiten, inspizieren der SugarJ Compiler und die SugarJ IDE die importierten Bibliotheken um die aktiven Erweiterungen zu bestimmen. Der Compiler und die IDE adaptieren den Parser, den Codegenerator, die Analyseroutine und die Werkzeugunterstützung der Quelldatei entsprechend der aktiven Erweiterungen. Wir beschreiben in der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit nicht nur das Design und die Implementierung von SugarJ, sondern berichten darüber hinaus über Erweiterungen unseres ursprünglich Designs. Insbesondere haben wir eine Generalisierung des SugarJ Compilers entworfen und implementiert, die neben Java alternative Basissprachen unterstützt. Wir haben diese Generalisierung verwendet um die bibliotheksbasierten erweiterbaren Programmiersprachen SugarHaskell, SugarProlog, und SugarFomega zu entwickeln. Weiterhin haben wir SugarJ ergänzt um polymorphe Domänenabstraktion und Kommunikationsintegrität zu unterstützen. Polymorphe Domänenabstraktion ermöglicht Programmierern mehrere Transformationen für die selbe domänenspezifische Syntax bereitzustellen. Dies erhöht die Flexibilität von SugarJ und unterstützt bekannte Szenarien aus der modellgetriebenen Entwicklung. Kommunikationsintegrität spezifiziert, dass die Komponenten eines Softwaresystems nur über explizite Kanäle kommunizieren dürfen. Im Kontext von Codegenerierung stellt dies eine interessante Eigenschaft dar, welche die Generierung von impliziten Modulabhängigkeiten untersagt. Wir haben Kommunikationsintegrität als weiteres Prinzip zu SugarJ hinzugefügt. Basierend auf SugarJ und zahlreicher Fallstudien argumentieren wir, dass flexible und prinzipientreue Domänenabstraktion ein skalierbares Programmiermodell für die Entwicklung komplexer Softwaresysteme darstellt

Physically informed runtime verification for cyber physical systems

textCyber-physical systems (CPS) are an integration of computation with physical processes. CPS have gained popularity both in industry and the research community and are represented by many varied mission critical applications. Debugging CPS is important, but the intertwining of the cyber and physical worlds makes it very difficult. Formal methods, simulation, and testing are not sufficient in guarantee required correctness. Runtime Verification (RV) provides a perfect complement. However the state of the art in RV lacks either efficiency or expressiveness, and very few RV technologies are specifically designed for CPS. The CPS community requires an intuitive, expressive, and practical RV middleware toolset to improve the state of the art. In this proposal, I take an incremental and realistic approach to identify and address the research challenges in CPS verification and validation. Firstly, I carry out a systematic analysis of the state of the art and state of the practice in verifying and validating CPS using a structured on-line survey, semi-structured interviews, and an exhaustive literature review. From the findings obtained, I identify the key research gaps and propose research directions to address these research gaps. My second work is to work on the most pertinent research direction proposed, which is to provide a practical and physically informed runtime verification tool-sets specifically designed for CPS as a sound foundation to the trial and error practice identified as the state of the art in verifying and validating CPS. I create an expressive yet intuitive language (BraceAssertion) to specify CPS properties. I develop a framework (BraceBind) to supplement CPS runtime verification with a real time simulation environment which is able to integrate physical models from various simulation platform. Based on BraceAssertion and BraceBind, which collectively captures the combination of logical content and physical environment, I develop a practical runtime verification framework (Brace), which is efficient, effective, expressive in capturing both local and global properties, and guarantee predictable runtime monitors behavior even with unpredictable surge of events. I evaluate the tool-set with increasingly complex real CPS applications of smart agent systems.Electrical and Computer Engineerin

Well-Formed and Scalable Invasive Software Composition

Software components provide essential means to structure and organize software effectively. However, frequently, required component abstractions are not available in a programming language or system, or are not adequately combinable with each other. Invasive software composition (ISC) is a general approach to software composition that unifies component-like abstractions such as templates, aspects and macros. ISC is based on fragment composition, and composes programs and other software artifacts at the level of syntax trees. Therefore, a unifying fragment component model is related to the context-free grammar of a language to identify extension and variation points in syntax trees as well as valid component types. By doing so, fragment components can be composed by transformations at respective extension and variation points so that always valid composition results regarding the underlying context-free grammar are yielded. However, given a language’s context-free grammar, the composition result may still be incorrect. Context-sensitive constraints such as type constraints may be violated so that the program cannot be compiled and/or interpreted correctly. While a compiler can detect such errors after composition, it is difficult to relate them back to the original transformation step in the composition system, especially in the case of complex compositions with several hundreds of such steps. To tackle this problem, this thesis proposes well-formed ISC—an extension to ISC that uses reference attribute grammars (RAGs) to specify fragment component models and fragment contracts to guard compositions with context-sensitive constraints. Additionally, well-formed ISC provides composition strategies as a means to configure composition algorithms and handle interferences between composition steps. Developing ISC systems for complex languages such as programming languages is a complex undertaking. Composition-system developers need to supply or develop adequate language and parser specifications that can be processed by an ISC composition engine. Moreover, the specifications may need to be extended with rules for the intended composition abstractions. Current approaches to ISC require complete grammars to be able to compose fragments in the respective languages. Hence, the specifications need to be developed exhaustively before any component model can be supplied. To tackle this problem, this thesis introduces scalable ISC—a variant of ISC that uses island component models as a means to define component models for partially specified languages while still the whole language is supported. Additionally, a scalable workflow for agile composition-system development is proposed which supports a development of ISC systems in small increments using modular extensions. All theoretical concepts introduced in this thesis are implemented in the Skeletons and Application Templates framework SkAT. It supports “classic”, well-formed and scalable ISC by leveraging RAGs as its main specification and implementation language. Moreover, several composition systems based on SkAT are discussed, e.g., a well-formed composition system for Java and a C preprocessor-like macro language. In turn, those composition systems are used as composers in several example applications such as a library of parallel algorithmic skeletons

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Principles and Practices of Programming in Java

This book contains the proceedings of the 4th international conference on principles and practices of programming in Java. The conference focuses on the different aspects of the Java programming language and its applications