Higher Order Quantum Superintegrability: a new "Painlev\'e conjecture"

We review recent results on superintegrable quantum systems in a two-dimensional Euclidean space with the following properties. They are integrable because they allow the separation of variables in Cartesian coordinates and hence allow a specific integral of motion that is a second order polynomial in the momenta. Moreover, they are superintegrable because they allow an additional integral of order $N>2$. Two types of such superintegrable potentials exist. The first type consists of "standard potentials" that satisfy linear differential equations. The second type consists of "exotic potentials" that satisfy nonlinear equations. For $N= 3$, 4 and 5 these equations have the Painlev\'e property. We conjecture that this is true for all $N\geq3$. The two integrals X and Y commute with the Hamiltonian, but not with each other. Together they generate a polynomial algebra (for any $N$) of integrals of motion. We show how this algebra can be used to calculate the energy spectrum and the wave functions.Comment: 23 pages, submitted as a contribution to the monographic volume "Integrability, Supersymmetry and Coherent States", a volume in honour of Professor V\'eronique Hussin. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1703.0975

Integrability, rational solitons and symmetries for nonlinear systems in Biology and Materials Physics

[ES] Los sistemas no lineales constituyen un tema de investigación de creciente interés en las últimas décadas dada su versatilidad en la descripción de fenómenos físicos en diversos campos de estudio. Generalmente, dichos fenómenos vienen modelizados por ecuaciones diferenciales no lineales, cuya estructura matemática ha demostrado ser sumamente rica, aunque de gran complejidad respecto a su análisis. Dentro del conjunto de los sistemas no lineales, cabe destacar un reducido grupo, pero a la vez selecto, que se distingue por las propiedades extraordinarias que presenta: los denominados sistemas integrables. La presente tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de algunas de las propiedades más relevantes observadas para los sistemas integrables. En esta tesis se pretende proporcionar un marco teórico unificado que permita abordar ecuaciones diferenciales no lineales que potencialmente puedan ser consideradas como integrables. En particular, el análisis de integralidad de dichas ecuaciones se realiza a través de técnicas basadas en la Propiedad de Painlevé, en combinación con la subsiguiente búsqueda de los problemas espectrales asociados y la identificación de soluciones analíticas de naturaleza solitónica. El método de la variedad singular junto con las transformaciones de auto-Bäcklund y de Darboux jugarán un papel fundamental en este estudio. Además, también se lleva a cabo un análisis complementario basado en las simetrías de Lie y reducciones de similaridad, que nos permitirán estudiar desde esta nueva perspectiva los problemas espectrales asociados. Partiendo de la archiconocida ecuación de Schrödinger no lineal, se han investigado diferentes generalizaciones integrables de dicha ecuación con numerosas aplicaciones en diversos campos científicos, como la Física Matemática, Física de Materiales o Biología.[EN] Nonlinear systems emerge as an active research topic of growing interest during the last decades due to their versatility when it comes to describing physical phenomena. Such scenarios are typically modelled by nonlinear differential equations, whose mathematical structure has proved to be incredibly rich, but highly nontrivial to treat. In particular, a narrow but surprisingly special group of this kind stands out: the so-called integrable systems. The present doctoral thesis focuses on the study of some of the extraordinary properties observed for integrable systems. The ultimate purpose of this dissertation lies in providing a unified theoretical framework that allows us to approach nonlinear differential equations that may potentially be considered as integrable. In particular, their integrability characterization is addressed by means of Painlevé analysis, in conjunction with the subsequent quest of the associated spectral problems and the identification of analytical solutions of solitonic nature. The singular manifold method together with auto-Bäckund and Darboux transformations play a critical role in this setting. In addition, a complementary methodology based on Lie symmetries and similarity reductions is proposed so as to analyze integrable systems by studying the symmetry properties of their associated spectral problems. Taking the ubiquitous nonlinear Schrödinger equation as the starting point, we have investigated several integrable generalizations of this equation that possess copious applications in distinct scientific fields, such as Mathematical Physics, Material Sciences and Biology

Monodromy dependence and connection formulae for isomonodromic tau functions

We discuss an extension of the Jimbo-Miwa-Ueno differential 1-form to a form closed on the full space of extended monodromy data of systems of linear ordinary differential equations with rational coefficients. This extension is based on the results of M. Bertola generalizing a previous construction by B. Malgrange. We show how this 1-form can be used to solve a long-standing problem of evaluation of the connection formulae for the isomonodromic tau functions which would include an explicit computation of the relevant constant factors. We explain how this scheme works for Fuchsian systems and, in particular, calculate the connection constant for generic Painlev\'e VI tau function. The result proves the conjectural formula for this constant proposed in \cite{ILT13}. We also apply the method to non-Fuchsian systems and evaluate constant factors in the asymptotics of Painlev\'e II tau function.Comment: 54 pages, 6 figures; v4: rewritten Introduction and Subsection 3.3, added few refs to match published articl

From Heun to Painlev\'e on Sasaki-Einstein Spaces and Their Confluent Limits

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of isomonodromic deformations of the evolution of scalar fields in Sasaki-Einstein spaces in the context of holography. Here we analyze the monodromy data of the general Heun equation, resulting from a scalar on Y$^{p,q}$, thus obtaining the corresponding Painlev\'e VI equation. Furthermore we have considered limits leading to a coalescence of singularities, which in turn transform the original Painlev\'e VI equation, to one of lower rank. The confluent limits we have considered are Y$^{p,p}$, T$^{1,1} / \mathbb{Z}_2$ and Y$^{\infty, q}$.Comment: 32 pages, three figure

Studies on the geometry of Painlevé equations

This thesis is a collection of work within the geometric framework for Painlevé equations. This approach was initiated by the Japanese school, and is based on studying Painlevé equations (differential or discrete) via certain rational surfaces associated with affine root systems. Our work is grouped into two main themes: on the one hand making use of tools and techniques from the geometric framework to study problems from applications where Painlevé equations appear, and on the other hand developing and extending the geometric framework itself. Differential and discrete Painlevé equations arise in a wide range of areas of mathematics and physics, and we present a general procedure for solving the identification problem for Painlevé equations. That is, if a differential or discrete system is suspected to be equivalent to one of Painlevé type, we outline a method, based on constructing the associated surfaces explicitly, for identifying the system with a standard example, in which case known results can be used, and demonstrate it in the case of equations appearing in the theory of orthogonal polynomials. Our results on the geometric framework itself begin with an observation of a new class of discrete equations that can described through the geometric theory, beyond those originally defined by Sakai in terms of translation symmetries of families of surfaces. To be precise, we build on previous studies of equations corresponding to non-translation symmetries of infinite order (so-called projective reductions, with fewer parameters than translations of the same surface type) and show that Sakai’s theory allows for integrable discrete equations to be constructed from any element of infinite order in the symmetry group and still have the full parameter freedom for their surface type. We then also make the first steps toward a geometric theory of delay-differential Painlevé equations by giving a description of singularity confinement in this setting in terms of mappings between jet spaces

On a Neumann boundary value problem for Ermakov-Painlevé III

A Neumann-type boundary value problem is investigated for a hybrid Ermakov–Painlevé equation. Existence properties are established and a sequence of approximate solutions is investigated. In an appendix, a novel class of coupled Hamiltonian Ermakov–Painlevé III systems is introduced and shown via a reciprocal transformation to be reducible to a canonical, integrable Ermakov–Ray–Reid system

Applications of Solvable Lie Algebras to a Class of Third Order Equations

A family of third-order partial differential equations (PDEs) is analyzed. This family broadens out well-known PDEs such as the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the Gardner equation, and the Burgers equation, which model many real-world phenomena. Furthermore, several macroscopic models for semiconductors considering quantum effects—for example, models for the transmission of electrical lines and quantum hydrodynamic models—are governed by third-order PDEs of this family. For this family, all point symmetries have been derived. These symmetries are used to determine group-invariant solutions from three-dimensional solvable subgroups of the complete symmetry group, which allow us to reduce the given PDE to a first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Finally, exact solutions are obtained by solving the first-order nonlinear ODEs or by taking into account the Type-II hidden symmetries that appear in the reduced second-order ODEs