CFAR Ship Detection in Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Based on Whitening Filter

Polarimetric whitening filter (PWF) can be used to filter polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images to improve the contrast between ships and sea clutter background. For this reason, the output of the filter can be used to detect ships. This paper deals with the setting of the threshold over PolSAR images filtered by the PWF. Two parameter-constant false alarm rate (2P-CFAR) is a common detection method used on whitened polarimetric images. It assumes that the probability density function (PDF) of the filtered image intensity is characterized by a log-normal distribution. However, this assumption does not always hold. In this paper, we propose a systemic analytical framework for CFAR algorithms based on PWF or multi-look PWF (MPWF). The framework covers the entire log-cumulants space in terms of the textural distributions in the product model, including the constant, gamma, inverse gamma, Fisher, beta, inverse beta, and generalized gamma distributions (GΓDs). We derive the analytical forms of the PDF for each of the textural distributions and the probability of false alarm (PFA). Finally, the threshold is derived by fixing the false alarm rate (FAR). Experimental results using both the simulated and real data demonstrate that the derived expressions and CFAR algorithms are valid and robust

Robust CFAR Detector Based on Truncated Statistics for Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar

Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithms using a local training window are widely used for ship detection with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. However, when the density of the targets is high, such as in busy shipping lines and crowded harbors, the background statistics may be contaminated by the presence of nearby targets in the training window. Recently, a robust CFAR detector based on truncated statistics (TS) was proposed. However, the truncation of data in the format of polarimetric covariance matrices is much more complicated with respect to the truncation of intensity (single polarization) data. In this article, a polarimetric whitening filter TS CFAR (PWF-TS-CFAR) is proposed to estimate the background parameters accurately in the contaminated sea clutter for PolSAR imagery. The CFAR detector uses a polarimetric whitening filter (PWF) to turn the multidimensional problem to a 1-D case. It uses truncation to exclude possible statistically interfering outliers and uses TS to model the remaining background samples. The algorithm does not require prior knowledge of the interfering targets, and it is performed iteratively and adaptively to derive better estimates of the polarimetric covariance matrix (although this is computationally expensive). The PWF-TS-CFAR detector provides accurate background clutter modeling, a stable false alarm property, and improves the detection performance in high-target-density situations. RadarSat2 data are used to verify our derivations, and the results are in line with the theory

Optimal polarimetric detection filter and its statistical tests for a ship detector

Ship detection is one important task in radar remote sensing. Moreover, Polarimetry shows a valuable contribution to discriminate between targets and clutter. The performance of most polarimetric detectors depends on two important factors: target clutter ratio (TCR) and speckles (or standard deviation to mean ratio of clutter background). The polarimetric matched filter (PMF) is just to maximize the TCR, while the polarimetric whitening filter (PWF) only takes the speckle reduction into consideration. In this paper, the optimal polarimetric detection filter (OPDF) is put forward, which considers maximizing the ratio of TCR to speckle. The approximate expression of the probability density function (PDF) of the OPDF is derived in closed form, so are the probability of false alarm (PFA) and the probability of detection (PD) in Wishart distribution assumption. The threshold of the OPDF detection can be easily obtained in closed form or via the bisection method. Experiments via simulated data validate the correctness of our results. The OPDF detector gives the best performance in most environments, especially in low PFA case and in the case where the statistics of targets is not the ideal Wishart distribution

Study of the speckle noise effects over the eigen decomposition of polarimetric SAR data: a review

This paper is focused on considering the effects of speckle noise on the eigen decomposition of the co- herency matrix. Based on a perturbation analysis of the matrix, it is possible to obtain an analytical expression for the mean value of the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors, as well as for the Entropy, the Anisotroopy and the dif- ferent a angles. The analytical expressions are compared against simulated polarimetric SAR data, demonstrating the correctness of the different expressions.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar

This open access book focuses on the practical application of electromagnetic polarimetry principles in Earth remote sensing with an educational purpose. In the last decade, the operations from fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar such as the Japanese ALOS/PalSAR, the Canadian Radarsat-2 and the German TerraSAR-X and their easy data access for scientific use have developed further the research and data applications at L,C and X band. As a consequence, the wider distribution of polarimetric data sets across the remote sensing community boosted activity and development in polarimetric SAR applications, also in view of future missions. Numerous experiments with real data from spaceborne platforms are shown, with the aim of giving an up-to-date and complete treatment of the unique benefits of fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data in five different domains: forest, agriculture, cryosphere, urban and oceans

Oil spill and ship detection using high resolution polarimetric X-band SAR data

Among illegal human activities, marine pollution and target detection are the key concern of Maritime Security and Safety. This thesis deals with oil spill and ship detection using high resolution X-band polarimetric SAR (PolSAR). Polarimetry aims at analysing the polarization state of a wave field, in order to obtain physical information from the observed object. In this dissertation PolSAR techniques are suggested as improvement of the current State-of-the-Art of SAR marine pollution and target detection, by examining in depth Near Real Time suitability

Orbital differential SAR interferometry with polarimetric data

Space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems have demonstrated great effectiveness to survey wide areas, independently of the weather conditions and the day/night cycle. One of the most exploited applications is Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR), and by extension, advanced multi-temporal techniques addressed as Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI). These techniques provide the means to retrieve the displacement on the observed terrain surface. Taking advantage of the high coverage provided by this technology, natural and human induced phenomena may be monitored and detected in order to avoid and prevent hazardous or even catastrophic situations. A good characterization of such events is often related to the density and quality of the information delivered. In many cases, the success in the interpretation of localized surface motion phenomena relies on having as much measurements as possible. Conventional insitu techniques, when used properly, are able to provide reliable measurements. However, they are limited to their localization, and deploy a high number of instruments is not cost effective. The good characterization provided by PSI measurements is limited by the acquisition parameters and the actual scene under monitoring. SAR images sensitivity over the scene depends strongly on the geometric shape and distribution of targets. Historically, satellite SAR sensors had single polarimetric capabilities, so sensitivity over the scene was restricted to a certain antenna configuration. On the contrary, polarimetric acquisitions emit an receive with different antenna configurations, providing sensitivity to different geometries in the scenario. The launch in these later years of several satellites with polarimetric capabilities has triggered its use in several fields of application. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the use of Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data for its application in the PSI framework. The extra information contained in PolSAR datasets is bound to improve the effectiveness of PSI techniques. Obtaining a higher density and quality of motion measurements will ease the detection and interpretation of terrain displacement phenomena.Els Radars d'Obertura Sintètica (SAR) embarcats en satèl·lits han demostrat ser molt efectius per monitoritzar grans àrees, independentment de les condicions atmosfèriques i del cicle dia/nit. L'aplicació més explotada es l'Interferometria Diferencial SAR (DInSAR), i per extensió, les tècniques avançades de processament multi-temporal anomenades Interferometria de Reflectors Persistents (PSI). Aquestes tècniques són capaces de mesurar el desplaçament en superfície del terreny observat. Aprofitant la gran cobertura que s'aconsegueix amb aquesta tecnologia, fenòmens d'origen tant natural com humà poden ser detectats i controlats per evitar i prevenir situacions de perill o fins i tot catastròfiques. La bona caracterització d'aquestes situacions sovint es relaciona tant amb la densitat com en la qualitat de la informació obtinguda. En molts casos, l’èxit en la interpretació de moviments de terreny localitzats depèn de tenir tants punts de mesura com sigui possible. Les tècniques convencionals de mesura in-situ, quan s'usen de forma adequada, són capaces de donar mesures fiables. No obstant, la seva cobertura està limitada a la localització de l'instrument, i la instal·lació d’un gran nombre d'instruments no és una solució econòmica. La bona caracterització de l'àrea mesurada amb tècniques PSI està limitada pels paràmetres d'adquisició i les característiques de la pròpia escena observada. La sensitivitat de les imatges SAR depèn en gran mesura de la distribució i la forma geomètrica dels blancs mesurats. Històricament, els sensors SAR emetien en polarització simple, i per tant la sensitivitat a la escena estava restringida a aquesta configuració específica de la antena. Per altra banda, durant les adquisicions polarimètriques s'emet i es rep en diferents configuracions de l'antena. Això permet tenir sensitivitat a geometries diferents dins la mateixa escena. El llançament aquest últims anys de diferents satèl·lits amb capacitats polarimètriques ha permès el seu ús en diversos camps d'aplicació. L'objectiu d’aquesta tesi és avaluar l'ús de dades polarimètriques SAR (PolSAR) per la seva aplicació en el marc de les tècniques PSI. La informació addicional que contenen els conjunts d’adquisicions PolSAR ha de millorar l'efectivitat de les tècniques PSI. L'obtenció d'una millor densitat i qualitat de les mesures permet una millor detecció i interpretació dels fenòmens de desplaçament superficial del terreny.Postprint (published version

Image Restoration for Remote Sensing: Overview and Toolbox

Remote sensing provides valuable information about objects or areas from a distance in either active (e.g., RADAR and LiDAR) or passive (e.g., multispectral and hyperspectral) modes. The quality of data acquired by remotely sensed imaging sensors (both active and passive) is often degraded by a variety of noise types and artifacts. Image restoration, which is a vibrant field of research in the remote sensing community, is the task of recovering the true unknown image from the degraded observed image. Each imaging sensor induces unique noise types and artifacts into the observed image. This fact has led to the expansion of restoration techniques in different paths according to each sensor type. This review paper brings together the advances of image restoration techniques with particular focuses on synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral images as the most active sub-fields of image restoration in the remote sensing community. We, therefore, provide a comprehensive, discipline-specific starting point for researchers at different levels (i.e., students, researchers, and senior researchers) willing to investigate the vibrant topic of data restoration by supplying sufficient detail and references. Additionally, this review paper accompanies a toolbox to provide a platform to encourage interested students and researchers in the field to further explore the restoration techniques and fast-forward the community. The toolboxes are provided in https://github.com/ImageRestorationToolbox.Comment: This paper is under review in GRS

Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar, Principles and Application

Demonstrates the benefits of the usage of fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data in applications of Earth remote sensing, with educational and development purposes. Includes numerous up-to-date examples with real data from spaceborne platforms and possibility to use a software to support lecture practicals. Reviews theoretical principles in an intuitive way for each application topic. Covers in depth five application domains (forests, agriculture, cryosphere, urban, and oceans), with reference also to hazard monitorin