Convergence speed of a link-state protocol for IPv6 router autoconfiguration

This report presents a model for the NAP protocol, dedicated to the auto-configuration of IPv6 routers. If the auto-configuration of hosts is defined by IPv6 and mandatory, IPv6 routers still have to be manually configured. In order to succeed in new networking domains, a full auto-configuration feature must be offered. NAP offers a fully distributed solution that uses a link state OSPFv3-like approach to perform prefix collision detection and avoidance. In this report, we present a model for NAP and analyze the average and maximum autoconfiguration delay as a function of the network size and the prefix space size

D3.6.1: Cookbook for IPv6 Renumbering in SOHO and Backbone Networks

In this text we present the results of a set of experiments that are designed to be a first step in the process of analysing how effective network renumbering procedures may be in the context of IPv6. An IPv6 site will need to get provider assigned (PA) address space from its upstream ISP. Because provider independent (PI) address space is not available for IPv6, a site wishing to change provider will need to renumber from its old network prefix to the new one. We look at the scenarios, issues and enablers for such renumbering, and present results and initial conclusions and recommendations in the context of SOHO and backbone networking. A subsequent deliverable (D3.6.2) will refine these findings, adding additional results and context from enterprise and ISP renumbering scenarios

Mobile IP movement detection optimisations in 802.11 wireless LANs

The IEEE 802.11 standard was developed to support the establishment of highly flexible wireless local area networks (wireless LANs). However, when an 802.11 mobile node moves from a wireless LAN on one IP network to a wireless LAN on a different network, an IP layer handoff occurs. During the handoff, the mobile node's IP settings must be updated in order to re-establish its IP connectivity at the new point of attachment. The Mobile IP protocol allows a mobile node to perform an IP handoff without breaking its active upper-layer sessions. Unfortunately, these handoffs introduce large latencies into a mobile node's traffic, during which packets are lost. As a result, the mobile node's upper-layer sessions and applications suffer significant disruptions due to this handoff latency. One of the main components of a Mobile IP handoff is the movement detection process, whereby a mobile node senses that it is attached to a new IP network. This procedure contributes significantly to the total Mobile IP handover latency and resulting disruption. This study investigates different mechanisms that aim to lower movement detection delays and thereby improve Mobile IP performance. These mechanisms are considered specifically within the context of 802.11 wireless LANs. In general, a mobile node detects attachment to a new network when a periodic IP level broadcast (advertisement) is received from that network. It will be shown that the elimination of this dependence on periodic advertisements, and the reliance instead on external information from the 802.11 link layer, results in both faster and more efficient movement detection. Furthermore, a hybrid system is proposed that incorporates several techniques to ensure that movement detection performs reliably within a variety of different network configurations. An evaluation framework is designed and implemented that supports the assessment of a wide range of movement detection mechanisms. This test bed allows Mobile IP handoffs to be analysed in detail, with specific focus on the movement detection process. The performance of several movement detection optimisations is compared using handoff latency and packet loss as metrics. The evaluation framework also supports real-time Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic. This is used to ascertain the effects that different movement detection techniques have on the output voice quality. These evaluations not only provide a quantitative performance analysis of these movement detection mechanisms, but also a qualitative assessment based on a VoIP application

Mobile-IP ad-hoc network MPLS-based with QoS support.

The support for Quality of Service (QoS) is the main focus of this thesis. Major issues and challenges for Mobile-IP Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) to support QoS in a multi-layer manner are considered discussed and investigated through simulation setups. Different parameters contributing to the subjective measures of QoS have been considered and consequently, appropriate testbeds were formed to measure these parameters and compare them to other schemes to check for superiority. These parameters are: Maximum Round-Trip Delay (MRTD), Minimum Bandwidth Guaranteed (MBG), Bit Error Rate (BER), Packet Loss Ratio (PER), End-To-End Delay (ETED), and Packet Drop Ratio (PDR) to name a few. For network simulations, NS-II (Network Simulator Version II) and OPNET simulation software systems were used.Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2005 .A355. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 44-03, page: 1444. Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2005

Implementation of ISO Frameworks to Risk Management in IPv6 Security

The Internet of Things is a technology wave sweeping across various industries and sectors. It promises to improve productivity and efficiency by providing new services and data to users. However, the full potential of this technology is still not realized due to the transition to IPv6 as a backbone. Despite the security assurances that IPv6 provides, privacy and concerns about the Internet of Things remain. This is why it is important that organizations thoroughly understand the protocol and its migration to ensure that they are equipped to take advantage of its many benefits. Due to the lack of available IPv4 addresses, organizations are in an uncertain situation when it comes to implementing IoT technologies. The other aim is to fill in the gaps left by the ISO to identify and classify the risks that are not yet apparent. The thesis seeks to establish and implement the use of ISO to manage risks. It will also help to align security efforts with organizational goals. The proposed solution is evaluated through a survey that is designed to gather feedback from various levels of security and risk management professionals. The suggested modifications are also included in the study. A survey on the implementation of ISO frameworks to risk management in IPv6 was conducted and with results as shown in the random sampling technique that was used for conducting the research a total of 75 questionnaires were shared online, 50 respondents returned responses online through emails and social media platforms. The result of the analysis shows that system admin has the highest pooling 26% of all the overall participants, followed by network admin with 20%, then cybersecurity specialists with 16%. 14% of the respondents were network architects while senior management and risk management professionals were 4% and 2% respectively. The majority of the respondents agreed that risk treatment enhances the risk management performance of the IPv6 network resulting from the proper selection and implementation of correct risk prevention strategies

Embedded Security Improvements to IPv6

Not Include

Separação de identificação e localização para mobilidade de veículos

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesVivemos num mundo tecnológico, onde assistimos a uma evolução progressiva dos dispositivos e de comunicação digitais. Hoje em dia, os smart-phones e smart TV vieram substituir o telemóvel e a televis ão, respetivamente. A internet está cada vez mais rápida, com mais serviços e aplicações, tornando-se num bem essencial e indispensável a nível mundial. Com uma constante interatividade entre utilizadores, as redes sociais são uma das grandes fontes de comunicação, dando-se, por vezes, prioridade à comunicação através do tão conhecido Face- book à comunicação pessoal. Estamos perante uma convergência e avanços tecnológicos, um mundo cada vez mais inter-relacionado e complexo. Devido a esta permanente necessidade de comunicação e ligação, as redes veiculares estão a atrair um interesse signi cativo. As redes veiculares têm sido desenvolvidas, não só para melhorar o tráfego rodoviário, mas também para proporcionar interligação e entretenimento aos seus utilizadores. A comunicação entre os veículos e o acesso à internet por parte dos passageiros têm sido o principal objetivo na evolução e investigação destas redes. Todavia, na evolução destas redes, permanecem inúmeros desa os. A grande mobilidade dos veículos durante o seu trajeto tem como consequência a necessidade de uma in nidade de handovers. Face a isto, é necessário um protocolo de mobilidade apropriado de forma a evitar a perda de ligação. Este protocolo deverá ser capaz de fornecer mobilidade, não só ao veículo, mas também aos seus passageiros. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado centra-se no estudo do protocolo de mobilidade já existente da Cisco Systems, The Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP), e da sua extensão LISP-MN da organiza- ção LISPmob, de maneira a veri car a possibilidade de o adaptar para redes veiculares. Através do router virtual da Cisco CSR 1000v, criou-se e con gurou-se num ambiente privado um servidor capaz de armazenar e monitorizar todos os veículos bem como os seus passageiros. Cada veículo, representado por um identi cador, regista-se no servidor indicando a sua localiza ção no momento, sendo esta sempre atualizada quando o veículo muda de rede e já não estiver ao alcance da anterior. Assim, o servidor é a parte central na comunicação entre veículos funcionando como um mapa contendo todas as localizações associadas a cada veículo e fornecendo assim, sempre que requisitada, a localização necessária de um veículo a outro, permitindo a criação de um túnel entre eles e consequente estabelecimento de ligação. Para proporcionar um handover mais rápido entre estações xas e móveis foram feitas alterações a nível de software do LISP-MN. Alterou-se a implementação LISP-MN de maneira a garantir mobilidade para veículos, ou seja, para handovers com rápidas transições, visto que na implementação da LISPmob só é garantida mobilidade para handovers lentos, tornando assim imposs ível o handover entre veículos e à consequente inutilização da tecnologia WAVE, criada especialmente para tal. Alterou-se também a forma de processamento na atualização das caches dos nós móveis que estão em comunicação, de maneira que, na ocorrência de handover, as atualizações das cache fossem permitidas, não só na receção de um novo endereço, como também na receção de uma nova gateway, evitando assim possíveis problemas de falhas de mensagens de controlo do protocolo essenciais para o estabelecimento de comunicação e transmissão de dados entre veículos. Posteriormente, criou-se um Connection Manager capaz de gerir o handover de forma automática independente da ligação de acesso bem como da versão do protocolo de internet utilizada, permitindo assim a ligação por parte dos veículos e seus passageiros à rede com melhor sinal. Assim, através do mecanismo de mobilidade referido garantiu-se a mobilidade entre veículos e respetivos passageiros. Os testes efetuados em laboratório e na estrada incidiram sobre as tecnologias de acesso IEEE 802.11p (WAVE), uma tecnologia desenvolvida especialmente para as redes veiculares, e o IEEE 802.11g (WI-FI), uma das tecnologias mais utilizadas atualmente. Veri cou-se através dos resultados obtidos que os tempos de handover através da tecnologia WAVE eram signi cativamente inferiores aos da tecnologia WI-FI, inferindo assim que a tecnologia de acesso IEEE 802.11p é a mais apropriada para as redes veiculares. Os resultados de handovers realizados em vários cenários de laboratório e estrada mostram que os mecanismos desenvolvidos permitem fornecer mobilidade transparente dos veículos e seus passageiros.We live in a technological world, where we witnessed a progressive evolution of devices and digital communication. Nowadays, the smartphones and smart TV have replaced the phone and television, respectively. The internet is getting faster, with more services and applications, making it very essential and indispensable worldwide. With a constant interactivity between users, social networks are a major source of communication, giving up sometimes priority to communication through the well-known "Facebook", instead of personal communication. We are facing a convergence and technological advances, an increasingly complex and interrelated world. Due to this constant need for communication and connection, vehicular networks are attracting signi cant interest. Vehicular networks have been developed, not only to improve road tra c, as well as interconnection and to provide entertainment to their users. The communication between vehicles and internet access by passengers have been the main goal in the development and investigation of these networks. However, in the evolution of these networks, many challenges remain. The high mobility of vehicles during their commute entails the need of a plethora of handovers. Mobility protocol suitable to prevent the connection loss is required. This protocol should be able to provide mobility, not only to the vehicles, but also to the passengers. The purpose of this dissertation focuses on the study of existing mobility protocol from Cisco Systems, the Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP), and its extension LISP-MN from LISPmob organization, in order to verify the possibility to adapt to vehicular networks. Through the virtual router from Cisco CSR 1000v, it was created and con gured in a private environment a server capable to store and monitor all vehicles and their passengers. Each vehicle, represented by an identi er, is recorded on the server indicating its location on the time, and it is always updated when the vehicle changes the network and it is no longer reachable through the other. Thus, the server is the central part in the communication between vehicles functioning as a map containing all locations associated at each vehicle and thus providing, when required, the necessary location of a vehicle to another, allowing the creation of a tunnel between them and consequent establishment of connection. To provide faster handover between xed and mobile stations, changes were made to the software of LISP-MN. LISP-MN implementation has changed in order to ensure vehicular mobility, with fast handover transitions, which with LISPmob is not guaranteed, it just only ensures mobility in slow handovers case. Thus, it makes impossible handovers between the vehicle and the consequent use of WAVE technology, specially created for these networks. It was also changed the way to update the caches of mobile nodes that are in communication, so that when the handover occurs, cache updates are allowed not only on the reception of a new address, but also on the reception of a new gateway, thereby avoiding potential problems on control messages of the protocol essential to establish the communication and further data transmission between vehicles. Subsequently, a Connection Manager was created capable to manage the handover automatically independently of the access network and of the Internet protocol version used, thus allowing the connection of the vehicle and its passengers to the network with best signal. Given those facts it was guaranteed the mobility of vehicles and their respective passengers. The tests performed in the laboratory and on the road were focused on the access technology IEEE 802.11p (WAVE), a technology developed especially for vehicular networks, and IEEE 802.11g (WI-FI), one of the most used technologies today. It was veri ed by the results obtained, that handover times through the WAVE technology were signi cantly lower than those of WI-FI technology, and thus inferring that the access technology IEEE 802.11p is the most suitable for vehicular networks. The results of handover performed in various lab and road scenarios show that the developed mechanisms provide transparent mobility of vehicles and their passengers

IP Mobility in Wireless Operator Networks

Wireless network access is gaining increased heterogeneity in terms of the types of IP capable access technologies. The access network heterogeneity is an outcome of incremental and evolutionary approach of building new infrastructure. The recent success of multi-radio terminals drives both building a new infrastructure and implicit deployment of heterogeneous access networks. Typically there is no economical reason to replace the existing infrastructure when building a new one. The gradual migration phase usually takes several years. IP-based mobility across different access networks may involve both horizontal and vertical handovers. Depending on the networking environment, the mobile terminal may be attached to the network through multiple access technologies. Consequently, the terminal may send and receive packets through multiple networks simultaneously. This dissertation addresses the introduction of IP Mobility paradigm into the existing mobile operator network infrastructure that have not originally been designed for multi-access and IP Mobility. We propose a model for the future wireless networking and roaming architecture that does not require revolutionary technology changes and can be deployed without unnecessary complexity. The model proposes a clear separation of operator roles: (i) access operator, (ii) service operator, and (iii) inter-connection and roaming provider. The separation allows each type of an operator to have their own development path and business models without artificial bindings with each other. We also propose minimum requirements for the new model. We present the state of the art of IP Mobility. We also present results of standardization efforts in IP-based wireless architectures. Finally, we present experimentation results of IP-level mobility in various wireless operator deployments.Erilaiset langattomat verkkoyhteydet lisääntyvät Internet-kykyisten teknologioiden muodossa. Lukuisten eri teknologioiden päällekkäinen käyttö johtuu vähitellen ja tarpeen mukaan rakennetusta verkkoinfrastruktuurista. Useita radioteknologioita (kuten WLAN, GSM ja UMTS) sisältävien päätelaitteiden (kuten älypuhelimet ja kannettavat tietokoneet) viimeaikainen kaupallinen menestys edesauttaa uuden verkkoinfrastruktuurin rakentamista, sekä mahdollisesti johtaa verkkoteknologioiden kirjon lisääntymiseen. Olemassa olevaa verkkoinfrastruktuuria ei kaupallisista syistä kannata korvata uudella teknologialla yhdellä kertaa, vaan vaiheittainen siirtymävaihe kestää tyypillisesti useita vuosia. Internet-kykyiset päätelaitteet voivat liikkua joko saman verkkoteknologian sisällä tai eri verkkoteknologioiden välillä. Verkkoympäristöstä riippuen liikkuvat päätelaitteet voivat liittyä verkkoon useiden verkkoyhteyksien kautta. Näin ollen päätelaite voi lähettää ja vastaanottaa tietoliikennepaketteja yhtäaikaisesti lukuisia verkkoja pitkin. Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee Internet-teknologioiden liikkuvuutta ja näiden teknologioiden tuomista olemassa oleviin langattomien verkko-operaattorien verkkoinfrastruktuureihin. Käsiteltäviä verkkoinfrastruktuureita ei alun perin ole suunniteltu Internet-teknologian liikkuvuuden ja monien yhtäaikaisten yhteyksien ehdoilla. Tässä työssä ehdotetaan tulevaisuuden langattomien verkkojen arkkitehtuurimallia ja ratkaisuja verkkovierailujen toteuttamiseksi. Ehdotettu arkkitehtuuri voidaan toteuttaa ilman mittavia teknologisia mullistuksia. Mallin mukaisessa ehdotuksessa verkko-operaattorin roolit jaetaan selkeästi (i) verkko-operaattoriin, (ii) palveluoperaattoriin ja (iii) yhteys- sekä verkkovierailuoperaattoriin. Roolijako mahdollistaa sen, että kukin operaattorityyppi voi kehittyä itsenäisesti, ja että teennäiset verkkoteknologiasidonnaisuudet poistuvat palveluiden tuottamisessa. Työssä esitetään myös alustava vaatimuslista ehdotetulle mallille, esimerkiksi yhteysoperaattorien laatuvaatimukset. Väitöskirja esittelee myös liikkuvien Internet-teknologioiden viimeisimmän kehityksen. Työssä näytetään lisäksi standardointituloksia Internet-kykyisissä langattomissa arkkitehtuureissa

Global IoT Mobility: A Path Based Forwarding Approach

With the huge proliferation of mobile Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as connected vehicles, drones, and healthcare wearables, IoT networks are promising mobile connectivity capacity far beyond the conventional computing platforms. The success of this service provisioning is highly dependent on the flexibility offered by such enabling technologies to support IoT mobility using different devices and protocol stacks. Many of the connected mobile IoT devices are autonomous, and resource constrained, which poses additional challenges for mobile IoT communication. Therefore, given the unique mobility requirements of IoT devices and applications, many challenges are still to be addressed. This paper presents a global mobility management solution for IoT networks that can handle both micro and macro mobility scenarios. The solution exploits a path-based forwarding fabric together with mechanisms from Information-Centric Networking. The solution is equally suitable for legacy session-based mobile devices and emerging information-based IoT devices such as mobile sensors. Simulation evaluations have shown minimum overhead in terms of packet delivery and signalling costs to support macro mobility handover across different IoT domains