Disaster Risk On Review Scale And Spatial Planning Archipelago Region: The Risk Based Island Cluster In Moluccas Province

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) by taking into account the spatial planning in its implementation is not easy, for the Moluccas which has the characteristics of the region that has many cluster islands, and the accessibility are still low. Thus it requires special handling in the island-based disaster risk reduction, which will certainly be different from disaster risk reduction efforts that were undertaken in the continental region. The purpose of this research is to design the spatial area of the island cluster in Moluccas Province based on disaster risk. The method used is literature through spatial analysis of island risk-based groups. Based on the results of disaster risk assessment by the BPBD of Moluccas Province, it has been obtained that there are islands based on disaster risk (RB-islands cluster). The high disaster risk level was the island cluster on RB III and IX, the medium disaster risk level was the island cluster on RB I, IV, VI, and VIII, the low disaster risk level was the island cluster on RB II, V, and VII. The RB island cluster is a model for reaching areas with high disaster risk, can easily identify what causes it. It become an input to mitigate it through the spatial arrangements for achieving a sustainable archipelago development. The regional spatial arrangements aimed at reducing disaster risk in the RB-islands cluster in the Moluccas through spatial planning, structural handling/civil engineering, education, and community empowerment

Tsunami Evacuation Planning as a tool for Tsunami Risk Reduction: A case study in Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi

Situated in one of the most complicated tectonic zones of the world, Palu is classified as one of the most susceptible places to earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia. This study aim to develop near-field tsunami evacuation simulation, as the primary strategy to reduce casualties in disaster risk reduction, based on daytime and night-time population scenarios in a tsunami-prone area in Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi. Least Cost Distance, a geospatial evacuation analysis approach in ArcGIS, is applied involving three main variables, namely population exposure, the arrival time of tsunami and walking speed of evacuees. These variables were analysed to calculate distribution of populations in daytime and night-time scenario; to identify and calculate the capacity of potential existing evacuation shelter buildings (ESB); and to analyse suitable locations, and to calculate the number and capacity of additional ESBs based on the most effective evacuation route. This study found that of the population in the study area, about 62.60 % cannot be sheltered in the seven existing ESB in the daytime as well as 63.98% of total population in the night-time scenario. Meanwhile,only 60.13% and 61.83% of the population in the service area of existing ESBs, can be evacuated in daytime and night-time scenarios, respectively. Therefore, eleven and twelve additional ESBs are proposed to be established for daytime and night-time scenarios, respectively, to accommodate people who currently cannot be sheltered

Review of assessment, design, and mitigation of multiple hazards

Large parts of the world are subjected to one or more natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons), costal inundation and flooding. Virtually the entire world is at risk of man-made hazards. In recent decades, rapid population growth and economic development in hazard-prone areas have greatly increased the potential of multiple hazards to cause damage and destruction of buildings, bridges, power plants, and other infrastructure; thus posing a grave danger to the community and disruption of economic and societal activities. Although an individual hazard is significant in many parts of the United States (U.S.), in certain areas more than one hazard may pose a threat to the constructed environment. In such areas, structural design and construction practices should address multiple hazards in an integrated manner to achieve structural performance that is consistent with owner expectations and general societal objectives. The growing interest and importance of multiple-hazard engineering has been recognized recently. This has spurred the evolution of multiple-hazard risk-assessment frameworks and development of design approaches which have paved way for future research towards sustainable construction of new and improved structures and retrofitting of the existing structures. This report provides a review of literature and the current state of practice for assessment, design and mitigation of the impact of multiple hazards on structural infrastructure. It also presents an overview of future research needs related to multiple-hazard performance of constructed facilities

Minimising flood risk accumulation through effective private and public sector engagement

Flooding is a global problem affecting both developing and developed countries. Academics and practitioners in climate science frequently argue that changing climatic conditions are likely to worsen the length and severity of these flood events, which will have catastrophic consequences to economies and social lives of communities world over. Whilst the overall consequences affecting many regions have been established, effective and efficient strategies to cope with the effects of flooding and building up resilience strategies have not properly evolved. This paper examines this issue by exploring effective strategies undertaken in partnerships between private and public stakeholders. The paper details two case studies conducted in a developed and a developing country to investigate what global strategies for coping and resilience to flooding have worked in practice. The two case studies: Cockermouth in Cumbria, UK and Patuakhali in Bangladesh provide interesting insights on how some of the strategies work within the chosen developed and developing country contexts. The case study findings are mapped against UNISDR’s ten-point checklist under the “Making Cities Resilient Campaign”. In conclusion the paper examines how these findings can be incorporated within city development plans to develop stakeholder capacity and capability and eventually build up resilient cities

Minimising flood risk accumulation through effective private and public sector engagement

Flooding is a global problem affecting both developing and developed countries. Academics and practitioners in climate science frequently argue that changing climatic conditions are likely to worsen the length and severity of these flood events, which will have catastrophic consequences to economies and social lives of communities world over. Whilst the overall consequences affecting many regions have been established, effective and efficient strategies to cope with the effects of flooding and building up resilience strategies have not properly evolved. This paper examines this issue by exploring effective strategies undertaken in partnerships between private and public stakeholders. The paper details two case studies conducted in a developed and a developing country to investigate what global strategies for coping and resilience to flooding have worked in practice. The two case studies: Cockermouth in Cumbria, UK and Patuakhali in Bangladesh provide interesting insights on how some of the strategies work within the chosen developed and developing country contexts. The case study findings are mapped against UNISDR’s ten-point checklist under the “Making Cities Resilient Campaign”. In conclusion the paper examines how these findings can be incorporated within city development plans to develop stakeholder capacity and capability and eventually build up resilient cities

Approaches to Tsunami Risk Assessment

This report provides an overview of the existing methods of tsunami risk assessment. The analyses focus on the process of risk assessment, its basic steps and output. Therefore, the specific components of risk, such as hazard, consequence or vulnerability are not discussed in detail. The reviewed studies are classified according to the country of origin or their place of the application. Since literature on tsunami risk assessment is limited, other risk assessment methods applied for floods and landslides are briefly discussed and studied their commonalities with tsunami risk. In conclusion, the report suggests a possible strategy for addressing the tsunami risk in the TRANSFER project. For this purpose, a general framework for tsunami risk assessment has been prepared.JRC.G.7-Traceability and vulnerability assessmen

Assessing People´s Early Warning Response Capability to Inform Urban Planning Interventions to Reduce Vulnerability to Tsunamis : Case Study of Padang City, Indonesia

In the last decade, more emphasis is given on the human aspect of early warning or the attribute of “people-centered” early warning systems. This study seeks to better understand the specific conditions that shape people´s vulnerability in relation to their tsunami early warning response capability. The study lays emphasis on the bottlenecks within social conditions, issues of perception, and their linkages with urban evacuation spatial and infrastructure requirements. The study is based on an in-depth case study of the coastal city of Padang, Indonesia. Founded on literature study on vulnerability and early warning concepts, a conceptual study was developed. Here, vulnerability was defined as “the conditions which influence the level of exposure and capability of people to respond to the warning and conduct appropriate evacuation, and in the long term, to change those conditions and enhance their response capability”. The study is composed of three main assessment blocks: i) current spatial hotspots and bottlenecks within social conditions assessments; ii) assessment of perception issues related with on-going or planned interventions; and iii) assessment of urban planning´s role and influence on vulnerability and people´s response capability. The first assessment block consists of spatial and temporal distribution of various social groups in the exposed areas (dynamic exposure); their access to safe places; their access to warning; and their evacuation behaviour. The second assessment block examines various cognitive factors connected with objective knowledge as well as socio-psychological factors pertaining to vulnerability reduction. These are intention to evacuate (reactive action) and intention to support improvement of evacuation infrastructure and facilities (proactive action). Moreover, perceptions connected with challenges of possible relocation as well as overall tsunami preparedness are explored. The third assessment block explores the urban planning´s role and interventions linked with various response capability components. In order to assess different thematic areas, an interdisciplinary approach is required, using engineering and social behavioural sciences approaches. Therefore, the combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods is used. The results show that Padang´s current response capability varies according to its spatial and infrastructure setting as well as people´s socio-economic characteristics. Evacuation facilities and infrastructure were still lacking and their utilization was influenced by social conditions of the people. This implied a significant role for urban planning which needs to take into account various social groups´ specific needs while incorporating the importance of strategic risk communication within various interventions. The assessment needs to be integrated in the overall urban planning process and may provide guidance in finding the balance between long-term exposure reduction in dangerous areas and additional protection measures for mass evacuation