Full Scale Technology Demonstration of a Modern Counterrotating Unducted Fan Engine Concept. Design Report

The Unducted Fan engine (UDF trademark) concept is based on an ungeared, counterrotating, unducted, ultra-high-bypass turbofan configuration. This engine is being developed to provide a high thrust-to-weight ratio power plant with exceptional fuel efficiency for subsonic aircraft application. This report covers the design methodology and details for the major components of this engine. The design intent of the engine is to efficiently produce 25,000 pounds of static thrust while meeting life and stress requirements. The engine is required to operate at Mach numbers of 0.8 or above

Transient performance simulation of gas turbine engine integrated with fuel and control systems

Two new methods for the simulation of gas turbine fuel systems, one based on an inter-component volume (ICV) method, and the other based on the iterative Newton Raphson (NR) method, have been developed in this study. They are able to simulate the performance behaviour of each of the hydraulic components such as pumps, valves, metering unit of a fuel system, using physics-based models, which potentially offer more accurate results compared with those using transfer functions. A transient performance simulation system has been set up for gas turbine engines based on an inter-component volume (ICV). A proportional- integral (PI) control strategy is used for the simulation of engine control systems. An integrated engine and its control and hydraulic fuel systems has been set up to investigate their coupling effect during engine transient processes. The developed simulation methods and the systems have been applied to a model turbojet and a model turboshaft gas turbine engine to demonstrate the effectiveness of both two methods. The comparison between the results of engines with and without the ICV method simulated fuel system models shows that the delay of the engine transient response due to the inclusion of the fuel system components and introduced inter-component volumes is noticeable, although relatively small. The comparison of two developed methods applied to engine fuel system simulation demonstrate that both methods introduce delay effect to the engine transient response but the NR method is ahead than the ICV method due to the omission of inter-component volumes on engine fuel system simulation. The developed simulation methods are generic and can be applied to the performance simulation of any other gas turbines and their control and fuel systems. A sensitivity analysis of fuel system key parameters that may affect the engine transient behaviours has also been achieved and represented in this thesis. Three sets of fuel system key parameters have been introduced to investigate their sensitivities, which are, the volumes introduced for ICV method applied to fuel system simulation; the time constants introduced into those first order lags tosimulate the valve movements delay and fuel spray delay effect; and the fuel system key performance and structural parameters

14th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging

14th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging addresses current and novel turbocharging system choices and components with a renewed emphasis to address the challenges posed by emission regulations and market trends. The contributions focus on the development of air management solutions and waste heat recovery ideas to support thermal propulsion systems leading to high thermal efficiency and low exhaust emissions. These can be in the form of internal combustion engines or other propulsion technologies (eg. Fuel cell) in both direct drive and hybridised configuration. 14th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging also provides a particular focus on turbochargers, superchargers, waste heat recovery turbines and related air managements components in both electrical and mechanical forms

Ejector refrigeration: A comprehensive review

The increasing need for thermal comfort has led to a rapid increase in the use of cooling systems and, consequently, electricity demand for air-conditioning systems in buildings. Heat-driven ejector refrigeration systems appear to be a promising alternative to the traditional compressor-based refrigeration technologies for energy consumption reduction. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on ejector refrigeration systems and working fluids. It deeply analyzes ejector technology and behavior, refrigerant properties and their influence over ejector performance and all of the ejector refrigeration technologies, with a focus on past, present and future trends. The review is structured in four parts. In the first part, ejector technology is described. In the second part, a detailed description of the refrigerant properties and their influence over ejector performance is presented. In the third part, a review focused on the main jet refrigeration cycles is proposed, and the ejector refrigeration systems are reported and categorized. Finally, an overview over all ejector technologies, the relationship among the working fluids and the ejector performance, with a focus on past, present and future trends, is presented. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Trends and Limits of Two-Stage Boosting Systems for Automotive Diesel Engines

Internal combustion engines developments are driven by emissions reduction and energetic efficiency increase. To reach the next standards, downsized/downspeeded engines are required to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. These techniques place an important demand on the charging system and force the introduction of multistage boosting architectures. With many possible arrangements and large number of parameter to optimize, these architectures present higher complexity than current systems. The objective of this thesis has thus been to investigate the potential of two-stage boosting architectures to establish, for the particular case of passenger car downsized/downspeeded Diesel engines, the most efficient solutions for achieving the forthcoming CO2 emissions targets. To respond to this objective, an exhaustive literature review of all existing solutions has first been performed to determinate the most promising two-stage boosting architectures. Then, a new matching methodology has been defined to optimize the architectures with, on the one hand the development of a new turbine characteristic maps representation allowing straight forward matching calculations and, on the other hand, the development of a complete 0D engine model able to predict, within a reduced computational time, the behavior of any boosting architecture in both steady state and transient operating conditions. Finally, a large parametric study has been carried out to analyze and compare the different architectures on the same base engines, to characterize the impacts of thermo-mechanical limits and turbocharger size on engine performance, and to quantify for different engine development options their potential improvements in term of fuel consumption, maximum power and fun to drive. As main contributions, the thesis provides new modeling tools for efficient matching calculations and synthesizes the main trends in advanced boosting systems to guide future passenger car Diesel engine developVarnier ., ON. (2012). Trends and Limits of Two-Stage Boosting Systems for Automotive Diesel Engines [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16880Palanci

Aerial-aquatic robots capable of crossing the air-water boundary and hitchhiking on surfaces.

Many real-world applications for robots-such as long-term aerial and underwater observation, cross-medium operations, and marine life surveys-require robots with the ability to move between the air-water boundary. Here, we describe an aerial-aquatic hitchhiking robot that is self-contained for flying, swimming, and attaching to surfaces in both air and water and that can seamlessly move between the two. We describe this robot's redundant, hydrostatically enhanced hitchhiking device, inspired by the morphology of a remora (Echeneis naucrates) disc, which works in both air and water. As with the biological remora disc, this device has separate lamellar compartments for redundant sealing, which enables the robot to achieve adhesion and hitchhike with only partial disc attachment. The self-contained, rotor-based aerial-aquatic robot, which has passively morphing propellers that unfold in the air and fold underwater, can cross the air-water boundary in 0.35 second. The robot can perform rapid attachment and detachment on challenging surfaces both in air and under water, including curved, rough, incomplete, and biofouling surfaces, and achieve long-duration adhesion with minimal oscillation. We also show that the robot can attach to and hitchhike on moving surfaces. In field tests, we show that the robot can record video in both media and move objects across the air/water boundary in a mountain stream and the ocean. We envision that this study can pave the way for future robots with autonomous biological detection, monitoring, and tracking capabilities in a wide variety of aerial-aquatic environments

English. Навчальний посібник з англійської мови для студентів І-ІІ курсів спеціальності «Автомобілі і автомобільне господарство»

Part I… Lesson 1. Essential parts of an automobile… 5-- Unit 2. Types of Waves…8 -- Unit 3. Speed of Waves… 10-- Unit 4. Interactions of Waves…13-- Unit 5. Electromagnetic Waves…16-- Unit 6. Type of Waves…19-- Part II…22-- Unit 1. Infrared Rays… 22-- Unit 2. Visible Light…25-- Unit 3. Wave or Particle?... 29-- Unit 4. Reflection of Light…31-- Unit 5. Reflection and Mirrors…34-- Unit 6. Refraction of Light…37-- Unit 7. Optical Instruments…40-- Unit 8. Lasers…43-- Unit 9. Fiber Optics… 47-- Part III… 52-- Unit 1. A Halogen Lamp…52-- Unit 2. LED Lamp…54-- Unit 3. Electroluminescent Wire… 57-- Unit 4. Black Light… 59-- Unit 5. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)… 62-- Unit 6. Plasma Lamps. …65-- Unit 7. Architectural Lighting Design…68-- Part IV…70-- Additional reading… 70-

System design of a hydrogen induction system as a retrofit item compatible with existing internal combustion engines

As the current method of delivering the world’s transportation energy demand via fossil fuels becomes increasingly unsustainable, vehicle manufactures and organisations are looking to alternative energy sources for vehicle propulsion such as hydrogen fuel. This project has been undertaken to establish the feasibility of the System Design of a Hydrogen Induction System as a Retrofit Item Compatible with Existing Internal Combustion Engines, by examining the conversion of a Holden 5.0L V8 to accommodate hydrogen combustion. The for the purpose of analysis, a Holden HX GTS sedan has been chosen as a case study vehicle, commonly optioned with the first generation Holden 5.0L V8. Analysis of urban and extra-urban drive cycles provided theoretical power requirements for the operation of the vehicle for the duration of the cycles. Outputs from the drive cycle analysis were used in an engine simulation model that was modified to accommodate simulation of hydrogen combustion. Input values for average power and engine speed required to maintain velocity along the drive cycles are supplied to the engine simulation model. The engine simulation model returns a hydrogen fuel consumption of 4.18 kg/100km and 5.34 kg/100km for the extra- urban and urban driving cycles respectively, a gasoline gallon equivalent of 15.4 L/100km and 20.27 L/100km. This provides a theoretical endurance of 133.62 km and 104.14 km from vehicles proposed 5.6 kg of useable hydrogen storage for the cycles respectively. An extensive literature review is used to identify design modifications that are required to accommodate hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines. A trade study is used to identify the measures specifically required to adapt the Holden 5.0L case study engine to dual hydrogen/petrol operation modes. The modifications and additional components required were costed where possible, resulting in an estimated minimum cost of AUD $12,664 in parts for the conversion