Dynamic RPL for Multi-hop Routing in IoT Applications

The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) has become the standard routing protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper investigates the use of RPL in dynamic networks and presents an enhanced RPL for different applications with dynamic mobility and diverse network requirements. This implementation of RPL is designed with a new dynamic Objective-Function (D-OF) to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay and energy consumption while maintaining low packet overhead and loop-avoidance. We propose a controlled reverse-trickle timer based on received signal strength identification (RSSI) readings to maintain high responsiveness with minimum overhead and consult the objective function when a movement or an inconsistency is detected to help nodes make an informed decision. Simulations are done using Cooja with random waypoint mobility scenario for healthcare applications considering multi-hop routing. The results show that the proposed dynamic RPL (D-RPL) adapts to the nodes mobility and has a higher PDR, slightly lower end-to-end delay and reasonable energy consumption compared to related existing protocols

A critical analysis of mobility management related issues of wireless sensor networks in cyber physical systems

Mobility management has been a long-standing issue in mobile wireless sensor networks and especially in the context of cyber physical systems its implications are immense. This paper presents a critical analysis of the current approaches to mobility management by evaluating them against a set of criteria which are essentially inherent characteristics of such systems on which these approaches are expected to provide acceptable performance. We summarize these characteristics by using a quadruple set of metrics. Additionally, using this set we classify the various approaches to mobility management that are discussed in this paper. Finally, the paper concludes by reviewing the main findings and providing suggestions that will be helpful to guide future research efforts in the area. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Imran” is provided in this record*

A critical analysis of mobility management related issues of wireless sensor networks in cyber physical systems

Mobility management has been a long-standing issue in mobile wireless sensor networks and especially in the context of cyber physical systems; its implications are immense. This paper presents a critical analysis of the current approaches to mobility management by evaluating them against a set of criteria which are essentially inherent characteristics of such systems on which these approaches are expected to provide acceptable performance. We summarize these characteristics by using a quadruple set of metrics. Additionally, using this set we classify the various approaches to mobility management that are discussed in this paper. Finally, the paper concludes by reviewing the main findings and providing suggestions that will be helpful to guide future research efforts in the area

RPL-Based Routing Protocols in IoT Applications: A Review

In the last few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has proved to be an interesting and promising paradigm that aims to contribute to countless applications by connecting more physical 'things' to the Internet. Although it emerged as a major enabler for many next-generation applications, it also introduced new challenges to already saturated networks. The IoT is already coming to life especially in healthcare and smart environment applications adding a large number of low-powered sensors and actuators to improve lifestyle and introduce new services to the community. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed RPL as the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) and standardized it in RFC6550 in 2012. RPL quickly gained interest, and many research papers were introduced to evaluate and improve its performance in different applications. In this paper, we present a discussion of the main aspects of RPL and the advantages and disadvantages of using it in different IoT applications. We also review the available research related to RPL in a systematic manner based on the enhancement area and the service type. In addition to that, we compare related RPL-based protocols in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, flexibility, robustness, and security. Finally, we present our conclusions and discuss the possible future directions of RPL and its applicability in the Internet of the future

A RPL based adaptive and scalable data-collection protocol module for NS-3 simulation platform

International audienceThis paper presents data-collection protocol framework based on RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks) for NS-3 (Network Simulator 3) simulation platform. Its design, implementation, simple examples of operations and evaluations will also be demonstrated. The conclusions and future developments are located in the final part of this paper

The support of multipath routing in IPv6-based internet of things

The development of IPv6-based network architectures for Internet of Things (IoT) systems is a feasible approach to widen the horizon for more effective applications, but remains a challenge. Network routing needs to be effectively addressed in such environments of scarce computational and energy resources. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) specified the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) to provide a basic IPv6-based routing framework for IoT networks. However, the RPL design has the potential of extending its functionality to a further limit and incorporating the support of advanced routing mechanisms. These include multipath routing which has opened the doors for great improvements towards efficient energy balancing, load distribution, and even more. This paper fulfilled a need for an effective review of recent advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) networking. In particular, it presented an effective review and provided a taxonomy of the different multipath routing solutions enhancing the RPL protocol. The aim was to discover its current state and outline the importance of integrating such a mechanism into RPL to revive its potentiality to a wider range of IoT applications. This paper also discussed the latest research findings and provided some insights into plausible follow-up researches

QCOF: New RPL Extension for QoS and Congestion-Aware in Low Power and Lossy Network

Low power and lossy networks (LLNs) require a routing protocol under real-time and energy constraints, congestion aware and packet priority. Thus, Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy network (RPL) is recommended by Internet Engineering Task force (IETF) for LLN applications. In RPL, nodes select their optimal paths towards their preferred parents after meeting routing metrics that are injected in the objective function (OF). However, RPL did not impose any routing metric and left it open for implementation. In this paper, we propose a new RPL objective function which is based on the quality of service (QoS) and congestion-aware. In the case paths fail, we define new RPL control messages for enriching the network by adding more routing nodes. Extensive simulations show that QCOF achieves significant improvement in comparison with the existing objective functions, and appropriately satisfies real-time applications under QoS and network congestion.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Data Routing for Mobile Internet of Things Applications

The Internet of things (IoT) represents a new era of networking, it envisions the Internet of the future where objects or “Things” are seamlessly connected to the Internet providing various services to the community. Countless applications can benefit from these new services and some of them have already come to life especially in healthcare and smart environments. The full realization of the IoT can only be achieved by having relevant standards that enable the integration of these new services with the Internet. The IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN and IPv6 standards define the framework for wireless sensor networks (WSN) to run using limited resources but still connect to the Internet and use IP addresses. The Internet engineering task force (IETF) developed a routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLN) to provide bidirectional connectivity throughout the network, this routing protocol for LLNs (RPL) was standardized in RFC6550 in 2012 making it the standard routing protocol for IoT. With all the bright features and new services that come with the futuristic IoT applications, new challenges present themselves calling for the need to address them and provide efficient approaches to manage them. One of the most crucial challenges that faces data routing is the presence of mobile nodes, it affects energy consumption, end-to-end delay, throughput, latency and packet delivery ratio (PDR). This thesis addresses mobility issues from the data routing point of view, and presents a number of enhancements to the existing protocols in both mesh-under and route-over routing approaches, along with an introduction to relevant standards and protocols, and a literature review of the state of the art in research. A dynamic cluster head election protocol (DCHEP) is proposed to improve network availability and energy efficiency for mobile WSNs under the beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The proposed protocol is developed and simulated using CASTALIA/OMNET++ with a realistic radio model and node behaviour. DCHEP improves the network availability and lifetime and maintains cluster hierarchy in a proactive manner even in a mobile WSN where all the nodes including cluster heads (CHs) are mobile, this is done by dynamically switching CHs allowing nodes to act as multiple backup cluster heads (BCHs) with different priorities based on their residual energy and connectivity to other clusters. DCHEP is a flexible and scalable solution targeted for dense WSNs with random mobility. The proposed protocol achieves an average of 33% and 26% improvement to the availability and energy efficiency respectively compared with the original standard. Moving to network routing, an investigation of the use of RPL in dynamic networks is presented to provide an enhanced RPL for different applications with dynamic mobility and diverse network requirements. This implementation of RPL is designed with a new dynamic objective-function (D-OF) to improve the PDR, end-to-end delay and energy consumption while maintaining low packet overhead and loop-avoidance. A controlled reverse-trickle timer is proposed based on received signal strength identification (RSSI) readings to maintain high responsiveness with minimum overhead, and consult the objective function when a movement or inconsistency is detected to help nodes make an informed decision. Simulations are done using Cooja with different mobility scenarios for healthcare and animal tracking applications considering multi-hop routing. The results show that the proposed dynamic RPL (D-RPL) adapts to different mobility scenarios and has a higher PDR, slightly lower end-to-end delay and reasonable energy consumption compared to related existing protocols. Many recent applications require the support of mobility and an optimised approach to efficiently handle mobile nodes is essential. A game scenario is formulated where nodes compete for network resources in a selfish manner, to send their data packets to the sink node. Each node counts as a player in the noncooperative game. The optimal solution for the game is found using the unique Nash equilibrium (NE) where a node cannot improve its pay-off function while other players use their current strategy. The proposed solution aims to present a strategy to control different parameters of mobile nodes (or static nodes in a mobile environment) including transmission rate, timers and operation mode in order to optimize the performance of RPL under mobility in terms of PDR, throughput, energy consumption and end-to-end-delay. The proposed solution monitors the mobility of nodes based on RSSI readings, it also takes into account the priorities of different nodes and the current level of noise in order to select the preferred transmission rate. An optimised protocol called game-theory based mobile RPL (GTM-RPL) is implemented and tested in multiple scenarios with different network requirements for Internet of Things applications. Simulation results show that in the presence of mobility, GTM-RPL provides a flexible and adaptable solution that improves throughput whilst maintaining lower energy consumption showing more than 10% improvement compared to related work. For applications with high throughput requirements, GTM-RPL shows a significant advantage with more than 16% improvement in throughput and 20% improvement in energy consumption. Since the standardization of RPL, the volume of RPL-related research has increased exponentially and many enhancements and studies were introduced to evaluate and improve this protocol. However, most of these studies focus on simulation and have little interest in practical evaluation. Currently, six years after the standardization of RPL, it is time to put it to a practical test in real IoT applications and evaluate the feasibility of deploying and using RPL at its current state. A hands-on practical testing of RPL in different scenarios and under different conditions is presented to evaluate its efficiency in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, latency and energy consumption. In order to look at the current-state of routing in IoT applications, a discussion of the main aspects of RPL and the advantages and disadvantages of using it in different IoT applications is presented. In addition to that, a review of the available research related to RPL is conducted in a systematic manner, based on the enhancement area and the service type. Finally, a comparison of related RPL-based protocols in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, flexibility, robustness and security is presented along with conclusions and a discussion of the possible future directions of RPL and its applicability in the Internet of the future

A Survey and Future Directions on Clustering: From WSNs to IoT and Modern Networking Paradigms

Many Internet of Things (IoT) networks are created as an overlay over traditional ad-hoc networks such as Zigbee. Moreover, IoT networks can resemble ad-hoc networks over networks that support device-to-device (D2D) communication, e.g., D2D-enabled cellular networks and WiFi-Direct. In these ad-hoc types of IoT networks, efficient topology management is a crucial requirement, and in particular in massive scale deployments. Traditionally, clustering has been recognized as a common approach for topology management in ad-hoc networks, e.g., in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Topology management in WSNs and ad-hoc IoT networks has many design commonalities as both need to transfer data to the destination hop by hop. Thus, WSN clustering techniques can presumably be applied for topology management in ad-hoc IoT networks. This requires a comprehensive study on WSN clustering techniques and investigating their applicability to ad-hoc IoT networks. In this article, we conduct a survey of this field based on the objectives for clustering, such as reducing energy consumption and load balancing, as well as the network properties relevant for efficient clustering in IoT, such as network heterogeneity and mobility. Beyond that, we investigate the advantages and challenges of clustering when IoT is integrated with modern computing and communication technologies such as Blockchain, Fog/Edge computing, and 5G. This survey provides useful insights into research on IoT clustering, allows broader understanding of its design challenges for IoT networks, and sheds light on its future applications in modern technologies integrated with IoT.acceptedVersio