Intégration des constructions à verbe support dans TimeML

National audienceTimeML is a markup language developed for the annotation of temporal information in texts, in particular events, temporal expressions and the relations which hold between the two. General annotation guidelines have been developed to guide the annotator in this task, but certain linguistic phenomena have yet to be dealt with in detail. A common problem in NLP tasks, whether in translation, generation or understanding, is that of the encoding of light verb constructions. Relatively little attention has been paid to this problem, until now, in the TimeML framework. In this article, we propose annotation guidelines for light verb constructions.Le langage TimeML a été conçu pour l'annotation des informations temporelles dans les textes, notamment les événements, les expressions de temps et les relations entre les deux. Des consignes d'annotation générales ont été élaborées afin de guider l'annotateur dans cette tâche, mais certains phénomènes linguistiques restent à traiter en détail. Un problème commun dans les tâches de TAL, que ce soit en traduction, en génération ou en compréhension, est celui de l'encodage des constructions à verbe support. Relativement peu d'attention a été portée, jusqu'à maintenant, sur ce problème dans le cadre du langage TimeML. Dans cet article, nous proposons des consignes d'annotation pour les constructions à verbe support

Intégration des constructions à verbe support dans TimeML

National audienceTimeML is a markup language developed for the annotation of temporal information in texts, in particular events, temporal expressions and the relations which hold between the two. General annotation guidelines have been developed to guide the annotator in this task, but certain linguistic phenomena have yet to be dealt with in detail. A common problem in NLP tasks, whether in translation, generation or understanding, is that of the encoding of light verb constructions. Relatively little attention has been paid to this problem, until now, in the TimeML framework. In this article, we propose annotation guidelines for light verb constructions.Le langage TimeML a été conçu pour l'annotation des informations temporelles dans les textes, notamment les événements, les expressions de temps et les relations entre les deux. Des consignes d'annotation générales ont été élaborées afin de guider l'annotateur dans cette tâche, mais certains phénomènes linguistiques restent à traiter en détail. Un problème commun dans les tâches de TAL, que ce soit en traduction, en génération ou en compréhension, est celui de l'encodage des constructions à verbe support. Relativement peu d'attention a été portée, jusqu'à maintenant, sur ce problème dans le cadre du langage TimeML. Dans cet article, nous proposons des consignes d'annotation pour les constructions à verbe support

CoNLL-Merge: efficient harmonization of concurrent tokenization and textual variation

The proper detection of tokens in of running text represents the initial processing step in modular NLP pipelines. But strategies for defining these minimal units can differ, and conflicting analyses of the same text seriously limit the integration of subsequent linguistic annotations into a shared representation. As a solution, we introduce CoNLL Merge, a practical tool for harmonizing TSV-related data models, as they occur, e.g., in multi-layer corpora with non-sequential, concurrent tokenizations, but also in ensemble combinations in Natural Language Processing. CoNLL Merge works unsupervised, requires no manual intervention or external data sources, and comes with a flexible API for fully automated merging routines, validity and sanity checks. Users can chose from several merging strategies, and either preserve a reference tokenization (with possible losses of annotation granularity), create a common tokenization layer consisting of minimal shared subtokens (loss-less in terms of annotation granularity, destructive against a reference tokenization), or present tokenization clashes (loss-less and non-destructive, but introducing empty tokens as place-holders for unaligned elements). We demonstrate the applicability of the tool on two use cases from natural language processing and computational philology

CoNLL-Merge: Efficient Harmonization of Concurrent Tokenization and Textual Variation

The proper detection of tokens in of running text represents the initial processing step in modular NLP pipelines. But strategies for defining these minimal units can differ, and conflicting analyses of the same text seriously limit the integration of subsequent linguistic annotations into a shared representation. As a solution, we introduce CoNLL Merge, a practical tool for harmonizing TSV-related data models, as they occur, e.g., in multi-layer corpora with non-sequential, concurrent tokenizations, but also in ensemble combinations in Natural Language Processing. CoNLL Merge works unsupervised, requires no manual intervention or external data sources, and comes with a flexible API for fully automated merging routines, validity and sanity checks. Users can chose from several merging strategies, and either preserve a reference tokenization (with possible losses of annotation granularity), create a common tokenization layer consisting of minimal shared subtokens (loss-less in terms of annotation granularity, destructive against a reference tokenization), or present tokenization clashes (loss-less and non-destructive, but introducing empty tokens as place-holders for unaligned elements). We demonstrate the applicability of the tool on two use cases from natural language processing and computational philology

Merging PropBank, NomBank, TimeBank, Penn Discourse Treebank and Coreference

Many recent annotation efforts for English have focused on pieces of the larger problem of semantic annotation, rather than initially producing a single unified representation. This paper discusses the issues involved in merging four of these efforts into a unifie

Discourse structure and language technology

This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.An increasing number of researchers and practitioners in Natural Language Engineering face the prospect of having to work with entire texts, rather than individual sentences. While it is clear that text must have useful structure, its nature may be less clear, making it more difficult to exploit in applications. This survey of work on discourse structure thus provides a primer on the bases of which discourse is structured along with some of their formal properties. It then lays out the current state-of-the-art with respect to algorithms for recognizing these different structures, and how these algorithms are currently being used in Language Technology applications. After identifying resources that should prove useful in improving algorithm performance across a range of languages, we conclude by speculating on future discourse structure-enabled technology.Peer Reviewe