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    Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum : Tomus 55. Fasc. 3-4.

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    ИсслСдованиС Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ случайных процСссов, матСматичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π°Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ матСматичСской Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ

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    Π‘ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ полягає Π²: 1) ΡƒΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ– Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Ρ–Ρ— Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Π· ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡŽ Π·ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎΡŽ Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Ρ–Ρ— псСвдорСгулярних Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ; 2) Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Ρ–Ρ— Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Π· Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ рСгулярних Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΎΠΊ; 3) Π²ΠΈΠ²Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ– асимптотичної ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠΈ розв’язків стохастичних Π΄ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Ρ–Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ½ΡŒ; 4) Π²ΠΈΠ²Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ– асимптотичної ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ–Π² Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… процСсів Ρ‚Π° систСм Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€Π°; 5) дослідТСнні Ρ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Π»Ρ–Π² Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ–Π² Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… процСсів Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Π², Π·ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π³Π°ΡƒΡΡΡ–Π²ΡΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ…; 6) ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ– Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΡƒΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π³Ρ–ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Ρ‚Π° дослідТСння Ρ—Ρ… властивостСй; 7) ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ– Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈ Ρ–Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΡŒ Ρ‚Π° Ρ–Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ½ΡŒ. УзагальнСно Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ асимптотичну ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΡƒ Ρ–Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»Ρ–Π² Π²Ρ–Π΄ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Π· ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡŽ Π·ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎΡŽ, Π½Π° Ρ–Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ–Π΄ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Π· Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΌ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ рСгулярних Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΎΠΊ. Π”ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ Π΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ асимптотичної ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠΈ частки Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Ρ‚Π° частки ΡƒΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ. Π¦Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ встановити ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ„Ρ–Ρ†Ρ–Ρ”Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ зсуву Ρ‚Π° Π΄ΠΈΡ„ΡƒΠ·Ρ–Ρ— стохастичних Π΄ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Ρ–Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ½ΡŒ, Π·Π° яких розв’язки Ρ†ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ½ΡŒ Ρ” асимптотично Π΅ΠΊΠ²Ρ–Π²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π· розв’язками Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ… Π΄ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Ρ–Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ½ΡŒ.The aim of the project is: 1) Generalization of the theory of regularly varying functions and further development of the theory of pseudo-regular functions; 2) Development of the theory of functions with non-degenerated groups of regular points; 3) Study of asymptotic behavior of solutions of stochastic differential equations; 4) Study of asymptotic behavior of functional parameter estimates for stochastic processes and Volterra systems; 5) Study of distributions of functionals of stochastic processes and fields, particularly of Gaussian ones; 6) Construction of new generalizations of hypergeometric functions and study of their properties; 7) Construction of new types of integral transforms and integral equations. The known Karamata theorem on asymptotic behavior of integrals of regular varying functions was generalized to the case of integrals of functions with non-degenerated groups of regular points. The theorems on duality of asymptotic behavior of ratios of functions and that of ratios of their generalized inverses were proved. This allowed establishing the conditions upon drift and diffusion coefficients in stochastic differential equations, under which their solutions are equivalent to the solutions of corresponding ordinary differential equations. Distributions of a wide class of functionals of Chentsov field were found. In particular, we found the exact formulas for the distributions of maxima along curvilinear paths together with corresponding asymtotics. Some new generalizations of the hypergeometric function were introduced, their main properties were studied. Moreover, we gave some their applications in the special functions theory, in the theory of integral transforms, integral calculus, to boundary problems of mathematical physics and so on. We also established some new composition relationships for fractional integro-differential operators. A stochastic approach for estimation of unknown impulse response functions in unstable Volterra systems with internal noises was considered. Using the theory of multidimensional singular integrals with cyclic kernels, we established new conditions of asymptotic normality of corresponding estimates and proved the convergence of functionals of these estimates.Π‘ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ состоит Π²: 1) ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ дальнСйшСм Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ псСвдорСгулярных Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ; 2) Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ с Π½Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ рСгулярных Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊ; 3) ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ асимптотичСского повСдСния Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ стохастичСских Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; 4) ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ асимптотичСского повСдСния ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² случайных процСссов ΠΈ систСм Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€Π°; 5) исслСдовании распрСдСлСний Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² случайных процСссов ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, Π² частности гауссовских; 6) построСнии Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ гипСргСомСтричСских Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ исслСдовании ΠΈΡ… свойств; 7) построСнии Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π˜Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½Π°Ρ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ± асимптотичСском ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ с Π½Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ рСгулярных Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊ. Π”ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎ Π΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ асимптотичСского повСдСния частного Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ частного ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ условия Π½Π° коэффициСнты сноса ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠΈ стохастичСских Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ этих ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ асимптотичСски эквивалСнтны Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. НайдСны распрСдСлСния ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ класса Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ поля Π§Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΎΠ²Π°. Π’ частности, Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ выраТСния для распрСдСлСния максимума поля вдоль ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ; Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ установлСна асимптотика этих распрСдСлСний. Π’Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ обобщСния гипСргСомСтричСской Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, исслСдованы ΠΈΡ… основныС свойства, Π΄Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈΡ… прилоТСния Π² Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ исчислСнии, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΡ€Π°Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π°ΠΌ матСматичСской Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. УстановлСны Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ для ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€ΠΎ-диффСрСнцирования. РассмотрСн стохастичСский ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ оцСнивания нСизвСстной ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ для нСустойчивых Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€Π° с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡˆΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ² систСмы. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сингулярных ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² с цикличСскими ядрами установлСны Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ условия асимптотичСской Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ

    Extremal Graph Theory and Dimension Theory for Partial Orders

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    This dissertation analyses several problems in extremal combinatorics.In Part I, we study the following problem proposed by Barrus, Ferrara, Vandenbussche, and Wenger. Given a graph H and an integer t, what is the minimum number of coloured edges in a t-edge-coloured graph G on n vertices such that G does not contain a rainbow copy of H, but adding a new edge to G in any colour creates a rainbow copy of H? We determine the growth rates of these numbers for almost all graphs H and all t e(H).In Part II, we study dimension theory for finite partial orders. In Chapter 1, we introduce and define the concepts we use in the succeeding chapters.In Chapter 2, we determine the dimension of the divisibility order on [n] up to a factor of (log log n).In Chapter 3, we answer a question of Kim, Martin, Masak, Shull, Smith, Uzzell, and Wang on the local bipartite covering numbers of difference graphs.In Chapter 4, we prove some bounds on the local dimension of any pair of layers of the Boolean lattice. In particular, we show that the local dimension of the first and middle layers is asymptotically n / log n.In Chapter 5, we introduce a new poset parameter called local t-dimension. We also discuss the fractional variants of this and other dimension-like parameters.All of Part I is joint work with Antnio Giro of the University of Cambridge and Kamil Popielarz of the University of Memphis.Chapter 2 of Part II is joint work with Victor Souza of IMPA (Instituto de Matemtica Pura e Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro).Chapter 3 of Part II is joint work with Antnio Giro

    A Symbolical Approach to Negative Numbers

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    Recent Early Algebra research indicates that it is better to teach negative numbers symbolically, as uncompleted subtractions or β€œdifference pairs”, an idea due to Hamilton, rather than abstractly as they are currently taught, since all the properties of negative numbers then follow from properties of the subtraction operation with which children are already familiar. Symbolical algebra peaked in the 19th Century, but was superseded by abstract algebra in the 20th Century, because Peacock’s permanence principle, which asserted that solutions obtained symbolically would actually be correct, remained unproven. The main aim of this paper is to provide this missing proof, in order to place difference pairs on a rigorous mathematical foundation, so that they may for the first time be the subject of modern classroom based research. The essential ingredient in this proof is a new physical model, called the banking model, a development of the hills and dales model used in schools in New Zealand, which besides improving upon current models in several respects, has the crucial advantage of being a true physical model, that is, the properties of negative numbers come from freely manipulating the model in the manner of a sandbox, not by following an abstract set of rules. Throughout this paper a close correspondence is drawn between negative numbers viewed as uncompleted subtractions and fractions viewed as uncompleted divisions, which suggests a practical notation for difference pairs as single numbers but whose digits are either positive or negative, the equivalent for integers of the decimal fraction notation for rationals. The banking model is the ideal tool for visualising such positive and negative digits, and examples are provided to show not only that this is a powerful notation for use at Secondary level, but also that it resolves some long-standing problems of the subtraction algorithm at Primary level

    General regular variation, Popa groups and quantifier weakening

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    We introduce general regular variation, a theory of regular variation containing the existing Karamata, Bojanic-Karamata/de Haan and Beurling theories as special cases. The unifying theme is the Popa groups of our title viewed as locally compact abelian ordered topological groups, together with their Haar measure and Fourier theory. The power of this unified approach is shown by the simplification it brings to the whole area of quantifier weakening, so important in this field

    Artin's primitive root conjecture -a survey -

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    This is an expanded version of a write-up of a talk given in the fall of 2000 in Oberwolfach. A large part of it is intended to be understandable by non-number theorists with a mathematical background. The talk covered some of the history, results and ideas connected with Artin's celebrated primitive root conjecture dating from 1927. In the update several new results established after 2000 are also discussed.Comment: 87 pages, 512 references, to appear in Integer
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