Flavor Modification of Pea Flour Using Ethanol-Based Deodorization

Peas are rich in protein and dietary fiber and can be used to create specialty products; however, flavor issues are one of the primary concerns regarding utilization. Sensory evaluations indicated the optimal treatment utilized aqueous ethanol at a concentration of 47.5%, extraction time of 63 min, and no pressure. Decreased (P<0.05) moisture and ash content, with no loss of protein or starch, were observed after treatment. Foaming properties were poor, indicating protein modification. Increased water absorption impacted WAI, WSI, setback, and peak time observations. Remaining pasting profile values were unchanged (P<0.05). While some volatiles were released via changes in protein and starch structure, total ppm decreased. Treated pea flour products had significantly (P<0.05) higher flavor acceptance scores. Texture results suggested treated flour imparted softness of baked items. Shelf-life measurements were improved for both cookies and crackers using treated pea flour

A strategic niche management analysis : A case study of electrifying steam crackers in the Netherlands

Steam cracking is a petrochemical process in which larger hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller hydrocarbons. It is a key process in the production of ethylene, propylene and other C4 olefins. These are used in manufactured goods like plastics, polymers, and solvents. Historically, the steam cracking process has relied on fossil fuel as a feedstock and energy source, but recent advances have led to an innovative hydrocarbon cracking method which uses electricity to drive the reactions, reducing carbon losses and emissions. The electrification of this process could avoid about 3 to 5 MT of annual CO2-eq emissions in the Netherlands alone. The aim of this report was to establish a base level understanding of the electric steam cracking niche and provide a protective space analysis of the socio- technical system by employing a strategic niche management (SNM) approach. Ten semi- structured interviews were held with actors in the niche and regime to describe how the three pillars of SNM - shielding, nurturing and empowering - have been implemented in the Netherlands. Key findings indicate that the niche emerged in the Netherlands due to the existing knowledge base, sufficient material infrastructure, and government support schemes to fund research. Although the niche has developed a broad and deep network, it suffers from a lack of shared learning due to competition between actors. The niche faces key challenges in ensuring that electricity generation and capacity is available, that site integration like alternatives for steam generation are provided, and most importantly, that the techno-economic performance of the innovation is improved. A lack of economic incentive to implement electric cracking within the Netherlands was found, and participants called for subsidies to shield early adopters from additional costs. The SNM framework had limitations because of the international nature and global niche effects on local dynamics within the Netherlands. Further research is suggested to focus on the international dynamics of the chemical industry’s regime and how it affects decision making and development within the Netherlands and more generally, within the EU which will provide a larger context to this stud

Nucleation and Growth of GaN on Sapphire by MBE

GaN was grown by molecular beam epitaxy in an effort to determine nucleation and growth conditions which lead to high quality, single-crystal films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to show that growth under Ga-rich conditions promotes the nucleation of films with large nucleation domains leading to a lower density of intrinsic defects related to domain boundaries. These conditions are also shown to promote a 2-D growth mode resulting in films with a high degree of nucleation domain coalescence and surface roughnesses below 2 nm. Addition of atomic hydrogen, using a thermally-cracked source, is shown to increase the growth rate of Ga-rich growths by a factor of two. The hydrogen appears to be altering the growth kinetics to increase the residence time of nitrogen atoms at the substrate surface. The addition of hydrogen seems to have no effect on the material characteristics as probed by Hall measurements and photoluminescence. In addition, the RF source used to generate active nitrogen species was characterized by means of mass spectroscopy and optical emission spectroscopy. Under normal operating conditions for GaN growth, the source was shown to convert about 5% of the total nitrogen input into neutral, nitrogen atoms and about 0.03% into nitrogen ions which may cause crystal damage during growth

Design and Development of an Open-Source ADL-Compliant Prosthetic Arm for Transradial Amputees

Transradial amputation is traumatic – leading to the amputee having a limited ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Below-elbow prostheses are prescribed. The high cost associated with prostheses results in many amputees in low-to-middleincome countries relying on government subsidised devices, which are cosmetic rather than functional, or none at all. Open-source prostheses have the potential to increase the accessibility of functional prosthetic arms, but at present are not optimised to assist the dominant hand in performing bimanual ADLs. The aim of this study is thus to design and experimentally validate an open-source prosthetic arm that is functionally optimised for the performance of ADLs in the unilateral transradial amputee population. The ADL arm is functional open-source below-elbow prosthesis. This device is bodypowered; featuring a hand terminal device with thumb abduction and adduction, and wrist pronation and supination functionality. Elbow flexion of the residual limb is used to actuate the terminal device. The prosthesis requires no existing prosthetic hardware; and the majority of parts can be 3D printed. The ADL arm is designed to reliably perform the grasps required by the non-dominant hand in two-handed ADL activities. Device validation includes functional and simulated-use components. The functional assessment uses the Anthropomorphic Hand Assessment Protocol (AHAP); while the simulated-use assessment involves a practical ADL verification, and a usability assessment using healthy volunteer participants. The AHAP gives as result a grasping ability score (GAS) and partial GAS for ten grasp types associated with ADLs. The GAS represents the percentage of healthy limb function achievable by the prosthesis. The overall GAS of the ADL arm is found to be 68 %. The ADL arm achieved a partial GAS of greater than 75 % for four of five bimanual ADL grasps. A major design flaw resulted in a partial GAS of 33.3 % for the lateral pinch grasp type. The performance in this grasp, as well as others, would be greatly improved by the inclusion of a mechanism to lock the distal joint of the digits in extension during grasp. In this way, the hand would be better able to apply force to an object with the pads of the digits. Simulated-use validation of the ADL arm is performed on healthy participants using the designed bypass socket. The ADL assessment involves the completion of 86 ADL and instrumental ADL tasks; scored using the designed self-report questionnaire. The participant could perform all but seven tasks independently, and the perceived difficulty for tasks requiring the prosthesis was low overall. Seven healthy volunteers are used to assess the system usability. Participants performed a number of tasks and then completed the system usability scale (SUS). The perceived usability of the device is found to increase with increased device familiarity, yielding an overall score of 84.29. This result indicates that participants found the experience with the device to be ‘good' overall. In conclusion, the ADL arm is functionally competent and has proven its ability to assist in the performance of ADLs in a simulated-use environment; using healthy participants. A number of design modifications are recommended to overcome the limitations of the current design, which should be tested in the transradial amputee population to corroborate the results obtained in this study

A Turkish password cracker for UNIX based operating systems

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Computer Engineering, Izmir, 2001Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 47-48)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishx, 48 leavesUNIX and UNIX-based operating systems have been widely utilized in local area and wide area network systems that supply application and development chain of users through remote access as well as online connections. Although UNIX operating system has got powerful tools which have secure methods for user authentication, user management and for password storage, weak password choices of the users affect the entire system security negatively. This study aims to crack the password hashes which are encrypted by DES using the method of dictionary attack. The developed application is introduced and compared with the previous utilities. Password encryption, password storage, and the structure which was developed against a possible dictionary attack of UNIX are examined. The good password choosing method for the users and the system administrator are given

NEBLINE, November/December 2014

CONTENTS Feature: Tiny Tastes Can Total BIG CALORIES Over the Holiday Season Food & Health Family Living Farm & Acreage Home & Family Living Horticulture Pests & Wildlife 4-H & Youth Extension Calendar and other extension news and event

InAs/Ga(In)Sb superlattice based infrared detectors using nBn design

Infrared detectors in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) (3-5μm) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) (8-12μm) have many applications in military, industrial and medical fields. The state-of-the-art photodetectors based on Hg1-xCdxTe (MCT) have large signal over noise ratio and their bandgap can be tuned to span 1-32 μm wavelength range. However, large tunneling and Auger dark currents due to low electron effective mass in MCT detectors require operation at cryogenic temperatures (77-100 K). The cooling requirement limits the lifetime, adds weight and expense and increases the power consumption of the infrared system. There is a concerted effort to develop photonic detectors operating at higher temperatures. InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattice (SLS) photodectors are now considered as a promising technology for both MWIR and LWIR wavelength ranges. The bandgap of the SLS can be adjusted by controlling the thickness of the constituent InAs and GaSb layers during the growth process. InAs/GaSb SLS can also span the 3-30 μm wavelength range. Moreover, the large splitting of the energy levels of the different valence subbands in SLS contribute to the suppression of Auger recombination. The recently proposed nBn heterostructure design has demonstrated a 100 K increase in background-limited infrared photodetection (BLIP) for InAs-based device, by decreasing Shockley-Read-Hall generation currents and by suppressing surface currents using specific processing. This work is focused on combining the nBn detector design with InAs/GaSb superlattice material utilizing an AlGaSb barrier layer to improve detector performance and to increase the operating temperature of Focal Plane Arrays. This thesis covers three topics: Optical and electrical characteristics of single pixel devices in both the MWIR and LWIR, the reduction of surface leakage currents by using a shallow isolation etch for definition of the top contact mesa and comparison between nBn detector and PIN LWIR detectors