Policing the Boundaries Around Race and Gender

Growing acceptance of transgender identities in the absence of parallel shifts regarding race can be perceived as somewhat paradoxical, especially in light of how differently each construct is imagined to be rooted in biology. Perceptions of race and gender as alterable aspects of identity were explored using four identity transition scenarios. Participants’ beliefs about identity transitions were dependent upon both the type of transition and political ideology. Results indicate that identity transitions involving gender (both male to female and female to male) and one race transition (white to black) were perceived similarly whereas the black to white transition was perceived as relatively less plausible. Coded rationales suggest that gender identity is more frequently perceived as driven by choice relative to racial identity. Participants’ political ideology was associated with their acceptance of identity transitions

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF COMBRAINS

Human brain has invented the Computer&upgraded it to a level of Combrains. With Artificial Chemical Memory, these may grow to function as independent Iintellects, Master/Sponsor representatives and self- decision workers with autonomy&supreme capability. Like any human society learn and function with both constructive and destructive ways,the Combrains will too behave. But the dimension of the Combrain behaviour is wide&cover the whole world with Internet. Even if they are a menace, it will be impossible to stop their growth, motivated by the decreasing cost versus the their analysis,search & inference capabilities. As a result,the Governments have to enunciate different laws to control these inanimate Combrains. The best utility of the Combrain will be to identify,plan&derive implementation methods for Basic Needs;Domestic Investment,Savings,Technology;Labour;Management Decision& Productivity Monitoring; and prediction&preparation for the impact of Intangible components in Development processArtilect, Attraction, Basic Needs, Behaviour, Brain, Caution, Chemical, Combrain, Community, Competition, Constructive, Darwin, Decision, Discipline, Domestic, Dynamic, Expert, Fittest, Gravitation, Inanimate, Intangible, Internet, Investment, Labour, Law, Legislation, Master, Memory, Modules, Neuron, Polymer, Productive, Reaction, Repulsion, Saving, Sponsor, Technology, Wage earner

Realism and Utopianism Revisited

For Carr, the contrast between utopians and realists was between ‘those who regard politics as a function of ethics and those who regard ethics as a function of politics’. In other words, can we direct society in benevolent directions, perhaps to a utopia, or do we take what we are given and try to rationalize this into some form of moral acceptability? In the context of International Relations, the utopian aspires to a world without war and where power is not the primary determinant of relationships. The realist is more sceptical. Broadly, the realist stresses the constraints in life; the utopian stresses the opportunities. At this level, they are not social theories but temperamental attitudes. Writing originally in 1939, Carr regarded the realists as those who understood the significance of power in the international scene and whose voices had been neglected in the interwar years. The utopians espoused a set of disparate views prevalent at that time linked by their neglect of power. Carr held these utopian positions to be impractical and dangerous. My aim in this article is to look at some versions of realism and some of utopianism, to see how they have developed today into modern variants. I ask how relevant are these traditions, if traditions they be, to the present world

The Search for Values: Young Adults and the Literary Experience

published or submitted for publicatio

THE GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE SVALBARD TREATY AND NORWEGIAN SOVEREIGNTY: HISTORIC - OR EVOLUTIONARY - INTERPRETATION?

The Svalbard Treaty and its claimed ‘extended-reach’ jurisdiction incorporating both the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) – ie a fisheries protection zone (FPZ) – is an international law puzzle. Disputes regarding the Treaty’s jurisdictione ratione terrae results from interpretative differences. My findings are as follows: the Treaty’s concept of ‘full and absolute sovereignty’ refers to the one-time jurisdiction transfer that occurred in April 1925. The notion of ‘territorial waters’ attracts both an historic (static) and evolutionary (dynamic) reading. Regarding its material content, we are faced with the first category. Considering geographic reach, evolutionary reading takes over. ‘Territorial water’ jurisdictione ratione terrae is a generic form whose reach, which is at most 12 nautical miles, is dynamic. The treaty does not prevent Norway from unilaterally deciding whether to enforce this maximum, or a less extensive, area. While territorial sea jurisdiction due to the development of international law may extend to 12 nautical miles, it cannot creep to 200 nautical miles. Due to substantial variations, the EEZ cannot qualify as a similar zone adjoining the territorial sea. Further; it is difficult to argue that its reach should include areas beyond the territorial sea of Svalbard due to the very fact that its reach is limited to the ‘Svalbard Box’. Coastal state jurisdiction beyond the Box is not granted in the Svalbard Treaty but results from the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC)

The constitution of Malta: Supremacy, parliament and the separation of powers

The Constitution of Malta makes express provision for its own supremacy, clarifying the predominance of the codified document over the internal constitutional arrangements in the context of post-imperial government. This provision, though, presents legal and practical problems, particularly in view of the weak entrenchment the Constitution is afforded. This claim to supremacy is fragile and, in many respects, is dependent upon continued parliamentary recognition. What is more, in assessing the constitutional validity of legislation, the Constitutional Court has not regarded findings of invalidity as having effect beyond the scope of that particular case, leaving it to Parliament to determine whether constitutionally invalid laws should be repealed (or not). This article explores solutions to these problems, arguing for firmer constitutional entrenchment, a refined process for amendment and a more authoritative power for the Constitutional Court to declare unconstitutional Acts void

Expectation and Uncertainty in the Keynesian Theory

The purpose in this article is to investigate the relationship between probability and logics in order to understand the notion of expectation in Keynes, and to examine the contributions that a set of postkeynesian authors has made to clarify the sense and the meaning of the notion of expectation in the framework of both the theoretical and the economic policy. We will start by integrating Keynes`s work on the theory of the probabilities into the construction of his theoretical corpus. We will emphasise the role of the expectation as the main contribution of Keynes to the economic thought in the theoretical framework of uncertainty. The article is divided in two parts. Firstly,it will examines the contribution of Keynes to the interpretation of the meaning of the expectations in a theoretical framework of Uncertainty. Secondly, it will examine the comments of Shackle and Kregel on the role of expectations in the theory and the economic policy and will consider the appreciations of Minsky on the volatility of the expectations in a framework of finantial instability.history of the economic ideas in Latin America, economic theory, expectations, theory of expectations.

Spartan Daily, February 17, 1997

Volume 108, Issue 17https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/9094/thumbnail.jp

Peace Negotiations and the Dynamics of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Excerpt The saga of the Middle East ‘peace process’ and the fanfare that has surrounded it, obscured the fact that little has been subjected to detailed systematic and objective analysis. Nor has it been sufficiently put to the test of negotiation principles in a fashion that would shed light on its underlying nature and substance. This caveat hindered addressing important questions regarding the very structure of the process and its ability to deliver on its purported promises. It further raises questions as to whether one could speak of a real peace in the making, or whether the whole endeavor is merely used as cant. By cant is meant “a mode of expression, or a cast of thought, of which the effect--irrespective of the motive--is to create a misleading discrepancy between the natural meaning of words and their practical significance...” (Hugo, 1970: 19)

Colombian PDET. A Key strategy to build peace from below? A case study of the vision of territorial peace of the PDET Montes de María.

In 2016 the Colombian State and the oldest guerrilla of Latin America ‘FARC’ signed a peace accord in order to end the 60 years internal conflict. As part of it, the Development Plans with a Territorial Approach (PDET) were created to promote territorial development, the effective enjoyment of rights, decentralization, and citizen participation. This paper investigates about the conception of peace contained in the theoretical model of the PDET, and explores about the different visions of peace in Montes de Maria. There are tensions that relate to unlike understandings of development, the local implications of the conflict and peacebuilding. Building peace require a territorial, ethnic, gender, and participation focus which should be vital features of for the PDETs