Fault tolerant programmable digital attitude control electronics study

The attitude control electronics mechanization study to develop a fault tolerant autonomous concept for a three axis system is reported. Programmable digital electronics are compared to general purpose digital computers. The requirements, constraints, and tradeoffs are discussed. It is concluded that: (1) general fault tolerance can be achieved relatively economically, (2) recovery times of less than one second can be obtained, (3) the number of faulty behavior patterns must be limited, and (4) adjoined processes are the best indicators of faulty operation

Design of sigma-delta modulators for analog-to-digital conversion intensively using passive circuits

This thesis presents the analysis, design implementation and experimental evaluation of passiveactive discrete-time and continuous-time Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ) modulators (ΣΔMs) analog-todigital converters (ADCs). Two prototype circuits were manufactured. The first one, a discrete-time 2nd-order ΣΔM, was designed in a 130 nm CMOS technology. This prototype confirmed the validity of the ultra incomplete settling (UIS) concept used for implementing the passive integrators. This circuit, clocked at 100 MHz and consuming 298 μW, achieves DR/SNR/SNDR of 78.2/73.9/72.8 dB, respectively, for a signal bandwidth of 300 kHz. This results in a Walden FoMW of 139.3 fJ/conv.-step and Schreier FoMS of 168 dB. The final prototype circuit is a highly area and power efficient ΣΔM using a combination of a cascaded topology, a continuous-time RC loop filter and switched-capacitor feedback paths. The modulator requires only two low gain stages that are based on differential pairs. A systematic design methodology based on genetic algorithm, was used, which allowed decreasing the circuit’s sensitivity to the circuit components’ variations. This continuous-time, 2-1 MASH ΣΔM has been designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology and it occupies an area of just 0.027 mm2. Measurement results show that this modulator achieves a peak SNR/SNDR of 76/72.2 dB and DR of 77dB for an input signal bandwidth of 10 MHz, while dissipating 1.57 mW from a 1 V power supply voltage. The ΣΔM achieves a Walden FoMW of 23.6 fJ/level and a Schreier FoMS of 175 dB. The innovations proposed in this circuit result, both, in the reduction of the power consumption and of the chip size. To the best of the author’s knowledge the circuit achieves the lowest Walden FOMW for ΣΔMs operating at signal bandwidth from 5 MHz to 50 MHz reported to date

An integrated associative processing system

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-105).by Frederick Paul Herrmann.Ph.D

Reconfigurable Gate Driver Toward High-Power Efficiency and High-Power Density Converters

Les systèmes de gestion de l'énergie exigent des convertisseurs de puissance pour fournir une conversion de puissance adaptée à diverses utilisations. Il existe différents types de convertisseurs de puissance, tel que les amplificateurs de puissance de classe D, les demi-ponts, les ponts complets, les amplificateurs de puissance de classe E, les convertisseurs buck et dernièrement les convertisseurs boost. Prenons par exemple les dispositifs implantables, lorsque l'énergie est prélevée de la source principale, des convertisseurs de puissance buck ou boost sont nécessaires pour traiter l'énergie de l'entrée et fournir une énergie propre et adaptée aux différentes parties du système. D'autre part, dans les stations de charge des voitures électriques, les nouveaux téléphones portables, les stimulateurs neuronaux, etc., l'énergie sans fil a été utilisée pour assurer une alimentation à distance, et des amplificateurs de puissance de classe E sont développés pour accomplir cette tâche. Les amplificateurs de puissance de classe D sont un excellent choix pour les casques d'écoute ou les haut-parleurs en raison de leur grande efficacité. Dans le cas des interfaces de capteurs, les demi-ponts et les ponts complets sont les interfaces appropriées entre les systèmes à faible et à forte puissance. Dans les applications automobiles, l'interface du capteur reçoit le signal du côté puissance réduite et le transmet à un réseau du côté puissance élevée. En outre, l'interface du capteur doit recevoir un signal du côté haute puissance et le convertir vers la côté basse puissance. Tous les systèmes mentionnés ci-dessus nécessitent l'inclusion d'un pilote de porte spécifique dans les circuits, selon les applications. Les commandes de porte comprennent généralement un décalage du niveau de commande niveau supérieur, le levier de changement de niveau inférieur, une chaîne de tampon, un circuit de verrouillage sous tension, un circuit de temps mort, des portes logiques, un inverseur de Schmitt et un mécanisme de démarrage. Ces circuits sont nécessaires pour assurer le bon fonctionnement des systèmes de conversion de puissance. Un circuit d'attaque de porte reconfigurable prendrait en charge une vaste gamme de convertisseurs de puissance ayant une tension d'entrée V[indice IN] et un courant de sortie I[indice Load] variables. L'objectif de ce projet est d'étudier intensivement les causes de différentes pertes dans les convertisseurs de puissance et de proposer ensuite de nouveaux circuits et méthodologies dans les différents circuits des conducteurs de porte pour atteindre une conversion de puissance avec une haute efficacité et densité de puissance. Nous proposons dans cette thèse de nouveaux circuits de gestion des temps mort, un Shapeshifter de niveau plus élevé et un Shapeshifter de niveau inférieur avec de nouvelles topologies qui ont été pleinement caractérisées expérimentalement. De plus, l'équation mathématique du temps mort optimal pour les faces haute et basse d'un convertisseur buck est dérivée et expérimentalement prouvée. Les circuits intégrés personnalisés et les méthodologies proposées sont validés avec différents convertisseurs de puissance, tels que les convertisseurs semi-pont et en boucle ouverte, en utilisant des composants standard pour démontrer leur supériorité sur les solutions traditionnelles. Les principales contributions de cette recherche ont été présentées à sept conférences prestigieuses, trois articles évalués par des pairs, qui ont été publiés ou présentés, et une divulgation d'invention. Une contribution importante de ce travail recherche est la proposition d'un nouveau générateur actif CMOS intégré dédié de signaux sans chevauchement. Ce générateur a été fabriqué à l'aide de la technologie AMS de 0.35µm et consomme 16.8mW à partir d'une tension d'alimentation de 3.3V pour commander de manière appropriée les côtés bas et haut d'un demi-pont afin d'éliminer la propagation. La puce fabriquée est validée de façon expérimentale avec un demi-pont, qui a été mis en œuvre avec des composants disponibles sur le marché et qui contrôle une charge R-L. Les résultats des mesures montrent une réduction de 40% de la perte totale d'un demi-pont de 45V d'entrée à 1MHz par rapport au fonctionnement du demi-pont sans notre circuit intégré dédié. Le circuit principal du circuit d'attaque de grille côté haut est le décaleur de niveau, qui fournit un signal de grande amplitude pour le commutateur de puissance côté haut. Une nouvelle structure de décalage de niveau avec un délai de propagation minimal doit être présentée. Nous proposons une nouvelle topologie de décalage de niveau pour le côté haut des drivers de porte afin de produire des convertisseurs de puissance efficaces. Le SL présente des délais de propagation mesurés de 7.6ns. Les résultats mesurés montrent le fonctionnement du circuit présenté sur la plage de fréquence de 1MHz à 130MHz. Le circuit fabriqué consomme 31.5pW de puissance statique et 3.4pJ d'énergie par transition à 1kHz, V[indice DDL] = 0.8V , V[indice DDH] = 3.0V, et une charge capacitive C[indice L] = 0.1pF. La consommation énergétique totale mesurée par rapport à la charge capacitive de 0.1 à 100nF est indiquée. Un autre nouveau décalage vers le bas est proposé pour être utilisé sur le côté bas des pilotes de portes. Ce circuit est également nécessaire dans la partie Rₓ du réseau de bus de données pour recevoir le signal haute tension du réseau et délivrer un signal de faible amplitude à la partie basse tension. L'une des principales contributions de ces travaux est la proposition d'un modèle de référence pour l'abaissement de niveau à puissance unique reconfigurable. Le circuit proposé pilote avec succès une gamme de charges capacitives allant de 10fF à 350pF. Le circuit présenté consomme des puissances statiques et dynamiques de 62.37pW et 108.9µW, respectivement, à partir d'une alimentation de 3.3V lorsqu'il fonctionne à 1MHz et pilote une charge capacitive de 10pF. Les résultats de la simulation post-layout montrent que les délais de propagation de chute et de montée dans les trois configurations sont respectivement de l'ordre de 0.54 à 26.5ns et de 11.2 à 117.2ns. La puce occupe une surface de 80µm × 100µm. En effet, les temps morts des côtés hauts et bas varient en raison de la différence de fonctionnement des commutateurs de puissance côté haut et côté bas, qui sont respectivement en commutation dure et douce. Par conséquent, un générateur de temps mort reconfigurable asymétrique doit être ajouté aux pilotes de portes traditionnelles pour obtenir une conversion efficace. Notamment, le temps mort asymétrique optimal pour les côtés hauts et bas des convertisseurs de puissance à base de Gan doit être fourni par un circuit de commande de grille reconfigurable pour obtenir une conception efficace. Le temps mort optimal pour les convertisseurs de puissance dépend de la topologie. Une autre contribution importante de ce travail est la dérivation d'une équation précise du temps mort optimal pour un convertisseur buck. Le générateur de temps mort asymétrique reconfigurable fabriqué sur mesure est connecté à un convertisseur buck pour valider le fonctionnement du circuit proposé et l'équation dérivée. De plus le rendement d'un convertisseur buck typique avec T[indice DLH] minimum et T[indice DHL] optimal (basé sur l'équation dérivée) à I[indice Load] = 25mA est amélioré de 12% par rapport à un convertisseur avec un temps mort fixe de T[indice DLH] = T[indice DHL] = 12ns.Power management systems require power converters to provide appropriate power conversion for various purposes. Class D power amplifiers, half and full bridges, class E power amplifiers, buck converters, and boost converters are different types of power converters. Power efficiency and density are two prominent specifications for designing a power converter. For example, in implantable devices, when power is harvested from the main source, buck or boost power converters are required to receive the power from the input and deliver clean power to different parts of the system. In charge stations of electric cars, new cell phones, neural stimulators, and so on, power is transmitted wirelessly, and Class E power amplifiers are developed to accomplish this task. In headphone or speaker driver applications, Class D power amplifiers are an excellent choice due to their great efficiency. In sensor interfaces, half and full bridges are the appropriate interfaces between the low- and high-power sides of systems. In automotive applications, the sensor interface receives the signal from the low-power side and transmits it to a network on the high-power side. In addition, the sensor interface must receive a signal from the high-power side and convert it down to the low-power side. All the above-summarized systems require a particular gate driver to be included in the circuits depending on the applications. The gate drivers generally consist of the level-up shifter, the level-down shifter, a buffer chain, an under-voltage lock-out circuit, a deadtime circuit, logic gates, the Schmitt trigger, and a bootstrap mechanism. These circuits are necessary to achieve the proper functionality of the power converter systems. A reconfigurable gate driver would support a wide range of power converters with variable input voltage V[subscript IN] and output current I[subscript Load]. The goal of this project is to intensively investigate the causes of different losses in power converters and then propose novel circuits and methodologies in the different circuits of gate drivers to achieve power conversion with high-power efficiency and density. We propose novel deadtime circuits, level-up shifter, and level-down shifter with new topologies that were fully characterized experimentally. Furthermore, the mathematical equation for optimum deadtimes for the high and low sides of a buck converter is derived and proven experimentally. The proposed custom integrated circuits and methodologies are validated with different power converters, such as half bridge and open loop buck converters, using off-the-shelf components to demonstrate their superiority over traditional solutions. The main contributions of this research have been presented in seven high prestigious conferences, three peer-reviewed articles, which have been published or submitted, and one invention disclosure. An important contribution of this research work is the proposal of a novel custom integrated CMOS active non-overlapping signal generator, which was fabricated using the 0.35−µm AMS technology and consumes 16.8mW from a 3.3−V supply voltage to appropriately drive the low and high sides of the half bridge to remove the shoot-through. The fabricated chip is validated experimentally with a half bridge, which was implemented with off-the-shelf components and driving a R-L load. Measurement results show a 40% reduction in the total loss of a 45 − V input 1 − MHz half bridge compared with the half bridge operation without our custom integrated circuit. The main circuit of high-side gate driver is the level-up shifter, which provides a signal with a large amplitude for the high-side power switch. A new level shifter structure with minimal propagation delay must be presented. We propose a novel level shifter topology for the high side of gate drivers to produce efficient power converters. The LS shows measured propagation delays of 7.6ns. The measured results demonstrate the operation of the presented circuit over the frequency range of 1MHz to 130MHz. The fabricated circuit consumes 31.5pW of static power and 3.4pJ of energy per transition at 1kHz, V[subscript DDL] = 0.8V , V[subscript DDH] = 3.0V , and capacitive load C[subscript L] = 0.1pF. The measured total power consumption versus the capacitive load from 0.1pF to 100nF is reported. Another new level-down shifter is proposed to be used on the low side of gate drivers. Another new level-down shifter is proposed to be used on the low side of gate drivers. This circuit is also required in the Rₓ part of the data bus network to receive the high-voltage signal from the network and deliver a signal with a low amplitude to the low-voltage part. An essential contribution of this work is the proposal of a single supply reconfigurable level-down shifter. The proposed circuit successfully drives a range of capacitive load from 10fF to 350pF. The presented circuit consumes static and dynamic powers of 62.37pW and 108.9µW, respectively, from a 3.3 − V supply when working at 1MHz and drives a 10pF capacitive load. The post-layout simulation results show that the fall and rise propagation delays in the three configurations are in the range of 0.54 − 26.5ns and 11.2 − 117.2ns, respectively. Its core occupies an area of 80µm × 100µm. Indeed, the deadtimes for the high and low sides vary due to the difference in the operation of the high- and low-side power switches, which are under hard and soft switching, respectively. Therefore, an asymmetric reconfigurable deadtime generator must be added to the traditional gate drivers to achieve efficient conversion. Notably, the optimal asymmetric deadtime for the high and low sides of GaN-based power converters must be provided by a reconfigurable gate driver to achieve efficient design. The optimum deadtime for power converters depends on the topology. Another important contribution of this work is the derivation of an accurate equation of optimum deadtime for a buck converter. The custom fabricated reconfigurable asymmetric deadtime generator is connected to a buck converter to validate the operation of the proposed circuit and the derived equation. The efficiency of a typical buck converter with minimum T[subscript DLH] and optimal T[subscript DHL] (based on the derived equation) at I[subscript Load] = 25mA is improved by 12% compared to a converter with a fixed deadtime of T[subscript DLH] = T[subscript DHL] = 12ns

Design and debugging of multi-step analog to digital converters

With the fast advancement of CMOS fabrication technology, more and more signal-processing functions are implemented in the digital domain for a lower cost, lower power consumption, higher yield, and higher re-configurability. The trend of increasing integration level for integrated circuits has forced the A/D converter interface to reside on the same silicon in complex mixed-signal ICs containing mostly digital blocks for DSP and control. However, specifications of the converters in various applications emphasize high dynamic range and low spurious spectral performance. It is nontrivial to achieve this level of linearity in a monolithic environment where post-fabrication component trimming or calibration is cumbersome to implement for certain applications or/and for cost and manufacturability reasons. Additionally, as CMOS integrated circuits are accomplishing unprecedented integration levels, potential problems associated with device scaling – the short-channel effects – are also looming large as technology strides into the deep-submicron regime. The A/D conversion process involves sampling the applied analog input signal and quantizing it to its digital representation by comparing it to reference voltages before further signal processing in subsequent digital systems. Depending on how these functions are combined, different A/D converter architectures can be implemented with different requirements on each function. Practical realizations show the trend that to a first order, converter power is directly proportional to sampling rate. However, power dissipation required becomes nonlinear as the speed capabilities of a process technology are pushed to the limit. Pipeline and two-step/multi-step converters tend to be the most efficient at achieving a given resolution and sampling rate specification. This thesis is in a sense unique work as it covers the whole spectrum of design, test, debugging and calibration of multi-step A/D converters; it incorporates development of circuit techniques and algorithms to enhance the resolution and attainable sample rate of an A/D converter and to enhance testing and debugging potential to detect errors dynamically, to isolate and confine faults, and to recover and compensate for the errors continuously. The power proficiency for high resolution of multi-step converter by combining parallelism and calibration and exploiting low-voltage circuit techniques is demonstrated with a 1.8 V, 12-bit, 80 MS/s, 100 mW analog to-digital converter fabricated in five-metal layers 0.18-µm CMOS process. Lower power supply voltages significantly reduce noise margins and increase variations in process, device and design parameters. Consequently, it is steadily more difficult to control the fabrication process precisely enough to maintain uniformity. Microscopic particles present in the manufacturing environment and slight variations in the parameters of manufacturing steps can all lead to the geometrical and electrical properties of an IC to deviate from those generated at the end of the design process. Those defects can cause various types of malfunctioning, depending on the IC topology and the nature of the defect. To relive the burden placed on IC design and manufacturing originated with ever-increasing costs associated with testing and debugging of complex mixed-signal electronic systems, several circuit techniques and algorithms are developed and incorporated in proposed ATPG, DfT and BIST methodologies. Process variation cannot be solved by improving manufacturing tolerances; variability must be reduced by new device technology or managed by design in order for scaling to continue. Similarly, within-die performance variation also imposes new challenges for test methods. With the use of dedicated sensors, which exploit knowledge of the circuit structure and the specific defect mechanisms, the method described in this thesis facilitates early and fast identification of excessive process parameter variation effects. The expectation-maximization algorithm makes the estimation problem more tractable and also yields good estimates of the parameters for small sample sizes. To allow the test guidance with the information obtained through monitoring process variations implemented adjusted support vector machine classifier simultaneously minimize the empirical classification error and maximize the geometric margin. On a positive note, the use of digital enhancing calibration techniques reduces the need for expensive technologies with special fabrication steps. Indeed, the extra cost of digital processing is normally affordable as the use of submicron mixed signal technologies allows for efficient usage of silicon area even for relatively complex algorithms. Employed adaptive filtering algorithm for error estimation offers the small number of operations per iteration and does not require correlation function calculation nor matrix inversions. The presented foreground calibration algorithm does not need any dedicated test signal and does not require a part of the conversion time. It works continuously and with every signal applied to the A/D converter. The feasibility of the method for on-line and off-line debugging and calibration has been verified by experimental measurements from the silicon prototype fabricated in standard single poly, six metal 0.09-µm CMOS process

Proceedings of the Second Caltech Conference on Very Large Scale Integration, held at the California Institute of Technology 19-21 January, 1981 ; Organized by the Caltech Computer Science Department and the Caltech Industrial Associates Office, and sponsored by Caltech Industrial Associates and the National Science Foundation

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ISOTOPE SHIFT SPECTROSCOPY OF ULTRACOLD STRONTIUM

We describe the design, construction, and performance of a laser system to probe the ultra-narrow (Γ/2π ≈ mHz) clock transition 1S0 → 3P0 in strontium. We present the first reported spectroscopy of this transition in two of the bosonic isotopes, 84Sr and 86Sr. Furthermore, we measure the complete set of isotope shifts between all four stable isotopes on the clock line and the narrow intercombination line 1S0 → 3P1, permitting a King plot analysis of the isotope shifts. Complications arising from the unambiguous determination of a line center in 87Sr 3P1 prevent us from making claims about the King linearity, but we provide a statistical boot- strap analysis of the isotope shifts 88−84Sr and 88−86Sr to compute a field shift ratio F698/F689 = 0.9979, with a 95% confidence interval [0.9952,1.0008]. The intercept term K698 − (F698/F689) K689 is similarly determined to be -2.0 GHz-amu, with a 95% confidence interval [−3.9, −0.3] GHz-amu. Finally, we describe the design of a next-generation apparatus that will enable improvements on the results described here, as well as other studies that involve coherent manipulation of strontium atoms on the clock line

Using MapReduce Streaming for Distributed Life Simulation on the Cloud

Distributed software simulations are indispensable in the study of large-scale life models but often require the use of technically complex lower-level distributed computing frameworks, such as MPI. We propose to overcome the complexity challenge by applying the emerging MapReduce (MR) model to distributed life simulations and by running such simulations on the cloud. Technically, we design optimized MR streaming algorithms for discrete and continuous versions of Conway’s life according to a general MR streaming pattern. We chose life because it is simple enough as a testbed for MR’s applicability to a-life simulations and general enough to make our results applicable to various lattice-based a-life models. We implement and empirically evaluate our algorithms’ performance on Amazon’s Elastic MR cloud. Our experiments demonstrate that a single MR optimization technique called strip partitioning can reduce the execution time of continuous life simulations by 64%. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose and evaluate MR streaming algorithms for lattice-based simulations. Our algorithms can serve as prototypes in the development of novel MR simulation algorithms for large-scale lattice-based a-life models.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/scs_books/1014/thumbnail.jp

Telemedicine

Telemedicine is a rapidly evolving field as new technologies are implemented for example for the development of wireless sensors, quality data transmission. Using the Internet applications such as counseling, clinical consultation support and home care monitoring and management are more and more realized, which improves access to high level medical care in underserved areas. The 23 chapters of this book present manifold examples of telemedicine treating both theoretical and practical foundations and application scenarios