Novel Specialty Optical Fibers and Applications

Novel Specialty Optical Fibers and Applications focuses on the latest developments in specialty fiber technology and its applications. The aim of this reprint is to provide an overview of specialty optical fibers in terms of their technological developments and applications. Contributions include:1. Specialty fibers composed of special materials for new functionalities and applications in new spectral windows.2. Hollow-core fiber-based applications.3. Functionalized fibers.4. Structurally engineered fibers.5. Specialty fibers for distributed fiber sensors.6. Specialty fibers for communications

Dual-Core Transversally Chirped Microstructured Optical Fiber for Mode-Converter Device and Sensing Application

We propose and demonstrate the concept of transversally chirped microstructured optical fiber and its application for the development of new platforms for sensing and telecommunications devices. First, the feasibility of the structure is demonstrated through two different techniques of manufacture. Based on the proposed structure, a novel mode-converter device is numerically studied. It is found that the mode conversion between LP01 and LP11 modes can be continuously tuned by temperature changes from 25 to 75°C. And that, the coupling efficiency in the wavelength range between 1.2 μm and 1.7 μm is always higher than 65%. Consequently, the proposed mode converter can operate in the E + S + C + L + U bands. Finally, a similar structure was used to design a new sensing architecture, which consisting of a dual-core transversally chirped microstructured optical fiber for refractive index sensing of fluids. We show that by introducing a chirp in the hole size, the microstructured optical fiber can be a structure with decoupled cores, forming a Mach–Zehnder interferometer in which the analyte directly modulates the device transmittance by its differential influence on the effective refractive index of each core mode. We show that by filling all fiber holes with analyte, the sensing structure achieves high sensitivity (transmittance changes of 302.8 per RIU at 1.42) and has the potential for use over a wide range of analyte refractive index

Fibras ópticas especiais para sensoriamento

Orientador: Cristiano Monteiro de Barros CordeiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb WataghinResumo: Nesta tese, fibras ópticas especiais são estudadas para fins de sensoriamento. Primei-ramente, propomos a estrutura denominada fibra capilar com núcleo embutido (embedded-core capillary fibers) para realização de sensoriamento de pressão. Estudos numéricos e analíticos foram realizados e mostraram que altas sensibilidades a variações de pressão poderiam ser al-cançadas com esta estrutura simplificada, que consiste de um capilar dotado de um núcleo, dopado com germânio, em sua parede. Experimentos permitiram medir uma sensibilidade de (1.04 ± 0.01) nm/bar, que é um valor alto quando comparado a outros sensores de pressão ba-seados em fibras microestruturadas. Ademais, estudamos fibras do tipo surface-core, que são fibras cujos núcleos são colocados na superfície externa da fibra. Nesta abordagem, redes de Bragg foram utilizadas para obter sensores de índice de refração ¿ fazendo-se uso da interação entre o campo evanescente do modo guiado no núcleo e o ambiente externo à fibra ¿ e de cur-vatura ¿ ao se explorar o fato de que, nestas fibras, o núcleo se encontra fora do centro geomé-trico da mesma. As sensibilidades a variações de índice de refração e curvatura medidas, 40 nm/RIU em torno de 1.41 e 202 pm/m-1 comparam-se bem a outros sensores baseados em redes de Bragg. Outrossim, fibras capilares poliméricas foram investigadas como sensores de temperatura e pressão. Para a descrição do sensor de temperatura, usou-se um modelo analítico para simular o espectro de transmissão dos capilares e a sua dependência com as variações de temperatura. No que tange à aplicação de sensoriamento de pressão, variações nas espessuras dos capilares devido à ação da pressão foram calculadas e relacionadas à sensibilidade da me-dida de monitoramento. Nestas duas aplicações, realizações experimentais também são repor-tadas. Finalmente, oportunidades adicionais de sensoriamento ao se utilizar fibras ópticas es-peciais são apresentadas, a saber, um sensor de pressão para dois ambientes baseados em fibras de cristal fotônico, um sensor de três parâmetros baseado em redes de Bragg, fibras afinadas e interferência multimodal, um sensor de nível de líquido baseado em redes de Bragg e interfe-rência multimodal e um sensor de temperatura baseado em fibras embedded-core preenchidas com índio. Os resultados aqui reportados demonstram o potencial das fibras ópticas em forne-cerem plataformas de sensoriamento para alcançar medidas de diferentes tipos de parâmetros com alta sensibilidade e resolução adequadaAbstract: In this thesis, specialty optical fibers for sensing applications are investigating. Firstly, we propose the embedded-core capillary fiber structure for acting as a pressure sensor. Analyt-ical and numerical studies were performed and showed that high pressure sensitivity could be achieved with this simplified fiber structure, which consists of a capillary structure with a germanium-doped core placed within the capillary wall. Experiments allowed measuring a sensitivity of (1.04 ± 0.01) nm/bar, which is high when compared to other microstructured optical fiber-based pressure sensors. Moreover, we studied the so-called surface-core optical fibers, which are fibers whose cores are placed at the external boundary of the fiber. In this approach, Bragg gratings were used to obtain refractive index ¿ making use of the interaction between the guided mode evanescent field and the external medium ¿ and directional curva-ture sensors ¿ by exploring the off-center core position. The measured refractive index and the curvature sensitivities, respectively 40 nm/RIU around 1.41 and 202 pm/m-1, compares well to other fiber Bragg grating-based sensors. Additionally, antiresonant polymer capillary fibers were investigated as temperature and pressure sensors. For the temperature sensing descrip-tion, one used an analytical model to simulate the transmission spectra of such fibers and the dependence on temperature variations. Regarding the pressure sensing application, pressure-induced capillary wall thickness variations were analytically accounted and related to the sys-tem pressure sensitivity. In both these applications, experimental data were presented. Finally, additional opportunities using specialty optical fibers were presented, namely, a photonic-crystal fiber-based dual-environment pressure sensor, a three parameters sensor using Bragg gratings, tapered fibers and multimode interference, a liquid-level sensor based on Bragg grat-ings and multimode interference, and a temperature sensor based in an embedded-core fiber filled with indium. The results reported herein demonstrates the potential of optical fibers for providing sensing platforms to attain measurements of different sort of parameters with highly sensitivity and improved resolutionsDoutoradoFísicaDoutor em Ciências152993/2013-4CNP

Arc-Induced Long Period Gratings in Erbium-Doped Fiber

In this paper, we report about the fabrication of long period gratings (LPGs) directly into an Erbium-doped fiber, by using the electric arc discharge technique. The attention is focused on the writing process and the resulting properties, by considering gratings with different periods and measuring their spectra over a wide wavelength range. The LPGs show high order attenuation bands with tunable resonance wavelengths and depths up to 30 dB, while the lengths of the final devices are in range 20-45 mm. The polarization-dependent loss of these LPGs is also measured, for the first time in this kind of fiber. As further novelty, the influence of surrounding refractive index, applied strain, and temperature is investigated and discussed in comparative manner. Based on the achieved results, this fabrication procedure can be adapted to a specific application, for example in optical communications, signal processing, and sensing fields

Overview of High Temperature Fibre Bragg Gratings and Potential Improvement Using Highly Doped Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fibres

International audienceIn this paper, various types of high temperature fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) are reviewed, including recent results and advancements in the field. The main motivation of this review is to highlight the potential of fabricating thermally stable refractive index contrasts using femtosecond (fs) near-infrared (IR) radiation in fibres fabricated using non-conventional techniques, such as the Molten Core Method (MCM). As a demonstration to this, an yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) core and pure silica cladding glass optical fibre is fabricated and investigated after being irradiated by fs laser within the Type II regime. The familiar formation of nanogratings inside both core and cladding regions are identified and studied using birefringence measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability of the type II modifications is then investigated through isochronal annealing experiments (up to T = 1100°C; time steps, t = 30 min). For the YAS core composition, the measured birefringence does not decrease when tested up to 1000°C, while for the SiO 2 cladding and under the same conditions its value decreased by ~ 30%. These results suggest that inscription of such "Type II fs-IR" modifications in YAS fibres could be employed to make FBGs with high thermal stability. This opens the door toward the fabrication of a new range of "FBGs host fibres" suitable for ultra-high temperature operation

Polymer optical fiber gratings for microwave photonics and communications application

Tesis por compendio[ES] Con el continuo desarrollo de materiales y tecnologías de fabricación durante las últimas tres décadas, la atenuación de la transmisión de las fibras ópticas de polímero (POF) se ha reducido considerablemente. Las POF son ventajosas para las redes domésticas, así como para las interconexiones de almacenamiento, y tienen ventajas significativas para muchas aplicaciones de detección, que incluye el límite alto de tensión elástica, alta resistencia a la fractura, alta flexibilidad en la flexión, alta sensibilidad a la tensión y coeficientes termoópticos negativos. Esta tesis consigue mejorar la tecnología de irradiación con láser para POF e investiga dispositivos especiales basados en redes de difracción en POF para comunicaciones ópticas, microondas, fotónica y detección. En particular, desarrollamos la tecnología de fabricación rápida de FBGs en POF con un estudio detallado y la optimización de los parámetros de fabricación de redes de difracción de Bragg en fibra (FBG). Los resultados más destacados incluyen un FBG uniforme de 8 dB con un solo pulso láser Nd: YAG (26 nsm) (8 ns) basado en fibra dopada con BDK, que es el tiempo más corto presentado hasta ahora para la fabricación de FBGs en POF. La irradiación de fibras ópticas de polímero utilizando diferentes materiales basado en el láser KrF a 248 nm permitió demostrar un mejor rendimiento en comparación con el sistema que emplea el láser He-Cd a 325 nm. Además, se fabricaron FBGs uniformes en POFs de índice escalón dopadas con TS en menos de 1 segundo mediante la repetición de pulsos con baja energía. Finalmente, el estudio de la irradiación UV con pulsos de baja energía para la fabricación de redes de difracción estables permitió ahorrar energía en el proceso de fabricación de FBGs en POF, como uno de los principales requisitos para la producción en masa. Basándonos en la tecnología de fabricación mejorada, nos centramos en la fabricación de redes de difracción con diferentes estructuras: se fabricó un FBG con desplazamiento de fase utilizando dos pulsos de 15 ns a 248 nm KrF superpuestos por el método de Moiré; el primer FBG con chirp sintonizable se logró utilizando un solo pulso corto del láser, que abrió nuevas perspectivas a las aplicaciones basadas en redes de difracción con chirp en POF; también se propuso un nuevo método basado en gradientes térmicos para obtener FBG con chirp en POF basadas en FBG uniformes, y se demostró como la forma más conveniente publicada hasta la fecha para lograr este tipo de FBGs no uniformes en POF; y, finalmente, también se han fabricado redes de difracción de largo período utilizando un proceso de fabricación de corto tiempo, especialmente en comparación con investigaciones anteriores. En la última parte de la tesis, y en base a los dispositivos basados en redes de difracción obtenidos a lo largo de este trabajo, se han propuesto varias aplicaciones . De manera similar a los FBG en fibra de sílice, los FBGs con chirp en POF tienen muchas aplicaciones futuras en las áreas de comunicaciones ópticas y de los sensores. Este documento describe la aplicación de detección de tensión basada en una FBG con chirp sintonizable en POF, su aplicación para detección térmica en sistemas biomédicos; e ilustra el potencial de los dispositivos de dispersión sintonizables en el campo de las comunicaciones ópticas, bien como compensación de dispersión o en fotónica de microondas.[CA] Amb el continu desenvolupament de materials i tecnologies de fabricació durant les últimes tres dècades, l'atenuació de la transmissió de les fibres òptiques de polímer (POF) s'ha reduït considerablement. Els POF són avantatjosos per a les xarxes domèstiques, així com per a les interconnexions d'emmagatzematge, i tenen avantatges significatius per a moltes aplicacions de detecció, inclosos els límits de tensió elàstica alta, alta resistència a la fractura, alta flexibilitat en la flexió, alta sensibilitat a la tensió i potencials coeficients termoópticos negatius. Aquesta tesi va millorar la tecnologia d'irradiació amb làser per a POF i va investigar dispositius basats en xarxes difracció de Bragg (FBG) especials en POF per a comunicació òptica, microones, fotònica i detecció. En particular, desenvolupem la tecnologia de fabricació ràpida de FBG en POF amb un estudi detallat i l'optimització dels paràmetres per a la seua fabricació. Els punts destacats dels resultats inclouen un FBG uniforme de 8 dB amb un sol pols del làser Nd: YAG (266 nm) (8 ns) basat en fibra dopada amb BDK, que és el temps més curt reportat per a la fabricació de POF FBG. La irradiació de fibres òptiques de polímer utilitzant diferents materials sota el sistema de làser KrF a 248 nm va permetre demostrar un millor rendiment en comparació amb el sistema de làser Kimmon de 325 nm. A més, els FBG uniformes en el POF dopat amb TS d'índex escalonat es van aconseguir amb menys d'1 segon mitjançant la repetició de polsos de control i l'energia baixa de pols. Finalment, l'estudi de la irradiació d'energia de pols per a la fabricació de FBGs estables va permetre estalviar energia en el procés de fabricació de FBGs en POF, com un dels principals objectius de la producció en massa. Basant-nos en la tecnologia de fabricació millorada, ens centrem en la fabricació de diferents estructures de xarxes de difracció: es va fabricar un FBG amb desplaçament de fase utilitzant dos polsos de 15 ns a 248 nm KrF superposats pel mètode de Moiré; el primer FBG amb chirp sintonitzable es va aconseguir utilitzant un sol pols curt de làser, que va obrir les aplicacions basades en FBG amb chirp en POF; també es va proposar un nou mètode amb gradients tèrmics per a obtindre FBG en POF basat en FBG uniformes, i es va demostrar com la forma més convenient publicada fins hui per a aconseguir FBG POF estimulada; i, finalment, també s'han aconseguit xarxes de llarg període utilitzant un procés de fabricació de curt temps, especialment en comparació amb investigacions anteriors. Finalment, sobre la base dels dispositius de xarxes de difracció obtinguts al llarg d'aquest treball, s'han proposat diverses aplicacions potencials en aquesta tesi. De manera similar que per als FBG amb silici, el FBG amb chirp en POF té moltes aplicacions potencials en comunicacions òptiques i a l¿àrea de sensors. Aquest document descriu l'aplicació de detecció de tensió basada en FBG amb chirp sintonitzable en POF; a més, l'aplicació de detecció tèrmica en sistemes biomèdics; i el potencial dels dispositius de dispersió sintonitzables en les comunicacions òptiques, com per eixample a la compensació de dispersió o a la fotònica de microones.[EN] With the continuing development of material and fabrication technologies over the last three decades, the transmission attenuation of polymer optical fibers (POF) has been greatly decreased. POFs are advantageous for home networks as well as storage interconnections and have significant advantages for many sensing applications, including high elastic strain limits, high fracture toughness, high flexibility in bending, high sensitivity to strain and potential negative thermo-optic coefficients. This thesis improved the laser irradiation technology for POF and investigated special grating devices in POF for optical communication, microware photonics and sensing. In particular, we developed fast POF grating fabrication technology with a detailed study and optimization of the polymer optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) fabrication parameters. Highlights of the results include an 8 dB uniform POFBG with one single Nd:YAG (266nm) laser pulse (8 ns) based on BDK doped fiber, which is the shortest time ever reported for POFBG fabrication. The irradiation of polymer optical fibers using different materials under 248 nm KrF laser system allowed to demonstrate a better performance compared with 325 nm Kimmon laser system. Furthermore, uniform FBGs in step-index TS doped POF were achieved with less than 1 second by means of controlling pulse repetition and low pulse energy. Finally, the study of low UV pulse power irradiation for fabricating stable gratings allowed to save energy in the POF grating fabrication process, as one of the main goals for mass production. Based on the improved fabrication technology, we focused on the fabrication of different grating structures: a phase-shifted FBG was fabricated by using two 15 ns 248 nm KrF pulses overlapped by Moiré method; the first tunable chirped FBG was achieved by using a single laser short pulse, which opened the applications based on chirped POF BGs; also a novel thermal annealing method was proposed to obtain chirped POFBGs based on uniform FBGs, and proved as the ever published most convenient way to achieve chirped POFBG; and finally, long period gratings have been also achieved by using a short time fabrication process, specially when compared with previous research. Finally, based on the grating devices obtained throughout this work, several potential applications have been proposed in this thesis. Similarly, to silica chirped FBG, chirped FBG in POF have many potential applications in optical communications and sensing area. This document described the potential strain sensing application based on tunable chirped POFBG; also, the thermal detection application in bio-medical systems; and the potential of tunable dispersion devices in optical communications, i.e., dispersion compensation or microwave photonics.Min, R. (2019). Polymer optical fiber gratings for microwave photonics and communications application [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/125473TESISCompendi

Fiber Vector Bend Sensor Based on Multimode Interference and Image Tapping

A grating-less fiber vector bend sensor is demonstrated using a standard single mode fiber spliced to a multimode fiber as a multimode interference device. The ring-shaped light intensity distribution at the end of the multimode fiber is subject to a vector transition in response to the fiber bend. Instead of comprehensive imaging processing for the analysis, the image can be tapped out by a seven-core fiber spliced to the other end of the multimode fiber. The seven-core fiber is further guided to seven single mode fibers via a commercial fan-out device. By comparing the relative light intensities received at the seven outputs, both the bend radius and its direction can be determined. Experiment has shown that a slight bend displacement of 10 µm over a 1.2-cm-long multimode fiber in the X direction (bend angle of 0.382 ◦ ) causes a distinctive power imbalance of 4.6 dB between two chosen outputs (numbered C4 and C7). For the same displacement in the Y direction, the power ratio between the previous two outputs C4 and C7 remains constant, while the imbalance between another pair (C3 and C4) rises significantly to 7.0 dB. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland