CONJURE: automatic generation of constraint models from problem specifications

Funding: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/V027182/1, EP/P015638/1), Royal Society (URF/R/180015).When solving a combinatorial problem, the formulation or model of the problem is critical tothe efficiency of the solver. Automating the modelling process has long been of interest because of the expertise and time required to produce an effective model of a given problem. We describe a method to automatically produce constraint models from a problem specification written in the abstract constraint specification language Essence. Our approach is to incrementally refine the specification into a concrete model by applying a chosen refinement rule at each step. Any nontrivial specification may be refined in multiple ways, creating a space of models to choose from. The handling of symmetries is a particularly important aspect of automated modelling. Many combinatorial optimisation problems contain symmetry, which can lead to redundant search. If a partial assignment is shown to be invalid, we are wasting time if we ever consider a symmetric equivalent of it. A particularly important class of symmetries are those introduced by the constraint modelling process: modelling symmetries. We show how modelling symmetries may be broken automatically as they enter a model during refinement, obviating the need for an expensive symmetry detection step following model formulation. Our approach is implemented in a system called Conjure. We compare the models producedby Conjure to constraint models from the literature that are known to be effective. Our empirical results confirm that Conjure can reproduce successfully the kernels of the constraint models of 42 benchmark problems found in the literature.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Automated medical scheduling : fairness and quality

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les façons de tenir compte de la qualité et de l’équité dans les algorithmes de confection automatique d’horaires de travail. Nous découpons ce problème en deux parties. La modélisation d’un problème d’horaires permet de créer des horaires plus rapidement qu’un humain peut le faire manuellement, puisqu’un ordinateur peut évaluer plusieurs horaires simultanément et donc prendre des décisions en moins de temps. La première partie du problème étudié consiste à améliorer la qualité des horaires en encodant des contraintes et des préférences à l’aide de modèles mathématiques. De plus, puisque la création est plus rapide à l’aide d’un ordinateur, il est plus facile pour un ordinateur de trouver l’horaire ayant la meilleure qualité lorsque les règles et préférences sont clairement définies. Toutefois, déterminer les règles et préférences d’un groupe de personne n’est pas une tâche facile. Ces individus ont souvent de la difficulté à exprimer formellement leurs besoins et leurs préférences. Par conséquent, la création d’un bon modèle mathématique peut prendre beaucoup de temps, et cela même pour un expert en création d’horaires de travail. C’est pourquoi la deuxième partie de cette thèse concerne la réduction du temps de modélisation à l’aide d’algorithmes capable d’apprendre un modèle mathématique à partir de solutions données comme par exemple, dans notre cas, des horaires de travail.In this thesis, we study the ways to take quality and fairness into account in the algorithms of automatic creation of work schedules. We separate this problem into two subproblems. The modeling of a scheduling problem allows a faster creation of schedules than what a human can produce manually. A computer can generate and evaluate multiple schedules at a time and therefore make decisions in less time. This first part of the studied problem consists in improving the quality of medical schedules by encoding constraints and preferences using mathematical models. Moreover, since the creation is faster, it is easier for a computer to find the schedule with the highest quality when the rules and the preferences are clearly defined. However, determining the rules and preferences of a group of people is not an easy task. Those individuals often have difficulties formally expressing their requirements and preferences. Therefore, the creation a good mathematical model might take a long time, even for a scheduling expert. This is why the second part of this thesis concerns the reduction of modeling time using algorithms able to learn mathematical models from given solutions, in our case schedules

Automatically improving constraint models in Savile Row

When solving a combinatorial problem using Constraint Programming (CP) or Satisfiability (SAT), modelling and formulation are vital and difficult tasks. Even an expert human may explore many alternatives in modelling a single problem. We make a number of contributions in the automated modelling and reformulation of constraint models. We study a range of automated reformulation techniques, finding combinations of techniques which perform particularly well together. We introduce and describe in detail a new algorithm, X-CSE, to perform Associative-Commutative Common Subexpression Elimination (AC-CSE) in constraint problems, significantly improving existing CSE techniques for associative and commutative operators such as +. We demonstrate that these reformulation techniques can be integrated in a single automated constraint modelling tool, called Savile Row, whose architecture we describe. We use Savile Row as an experimental testbed to evaluate each reformulation on a set of 50 problem classes, with 596 instances in total. Our recommended reformulations are well worthwhile even including overheads, especially on harder instances where solver time dominates. With a SAT solver we observed a geometric mean of 2.15 times speedup compared to a straightforward tailored model without recommended reformulations. Using a CP solver, we obtained a geometric mean of 5.96 times speedup for instances taking over 10 seconds to solve

Global Constraint Catalog, 2nd Edition

This report presents a catalogue of global constraints where each constraint is explicitly described in terms of graph properties and/or automata and/or first order logical formulae with arithmetic. When available, it also presents some typical usage as well as some pointers to existing filtering algorithms

Global Constraint Catalog, 2nd Edition (revision a)

This report presents a catalogue of global constraints where each constraint is explicitly described in terms of graph properties and/or automata and/or first order logical formulae with arithmetic. When available, it also presents some typical usage as well as some pointers to existing filtering algorithms

Learning Implied Global Constraints

International audienceFinding a constraint network that will be efficiently solved by a constraint solver requires a strong expertise in Constraint Programming. Hence, there is an increasing interest in automatic reformulation. This paper presents a general framework for learning implied global constraints in a constraint network assumed to be provided by a non-expert user. The learned global constraints can then be added to the network to improve the solving process. We apply our technique to global cardinality constraints. Experiments show the significance of the approach

LIRMM-CNRS

Finding a constraint network that will be efficiently solved by a constraint solver requires a strong expertise in Constraint Programming. Hence, there is an increasing interest in automatic reformulation. This paper presents a general framework for learning implied global constraints in a constraint network assumed to be provided by a non-expert user. The learned global constraints can then be added to the network to improve the solving process. We apply our technique to global cardinality constraints. Experiments show the significance of the approach.