REDUPLICATED WORDS IN SUNDANESE: The Study of Uniqueness of Local Language

The title of this study is “Reduplicated Words in Sundanese” which analyzes the morphological process in Sundanese. The purpose of the study is to analyze and also to find out the forms of reduplicated words and the kinds of semantic interpretation in Sundanese. Reduplication is the repetition of whole word or part of word. The methodology used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data were taken from Sundanesebookand Sundanese Dictionary. The results of this study shows that there are two forms of reduplicated words in Sundanese. Each form of reduplication consists of several parts and different kinds. They also have the various meanings from each other. The result of this study is expected to be a guide for readers to understand Sundanese

Bilingual first language acquisition in Malay and English : a morphological and suprasegmental study in the development of plural expressions in a bilingual child

This thesis investigates the development of plural marking in a child raised in Malay and English simultaneously, from the morphological and prosodic perspective. For the morphological plural development, the child’s plural acquisition is analysed within the Processability Theory (PT) framework de Bot (1992) de Bot (1992) thus widening PT’s typological range of application to a language such as Malay, which belongs to the Austronesian family (Dryer & Haspelmath, 2013). PT has been tested for morphological development in L2 English (Di Biase, Kawaguchi, & Yamaguchi, 2015; Johnston, 2000) and several typologically different languages as well as bilingual first language acquisition (BFLA) such as Japanese-English (Itani-Adams, 2013). However, PT has not been empirically tested for any language of the Austronesian family nor in a Bilingual First Language Acquisition (BFLA) constellation involving Malay and English. The Malay-English language pair is interesting because of the remarkably different linguistic mechanisms used for encoding plurality in the two languages; morphologically, Malay marks plurality through distinct forms of reduplication such as rumah-rumah ‘houses’, buah-buahan’ (plural form of buah ‘fruit’) and bukit-bukau ‘hills’ (Sew, 2007). In contrast, English uses morphological inflections -s suffixed to the stem, e.g., cat/cats, dog/dogs, book/books (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002). Malay reduplication, as previously shown, involves more than a single word, however, functionally speaking it is equivalent to one word plus a marker of plurality. Thus, prosodic mechanisms play a crucial role in distinguishing between mere repetition and grammatical reduplication in Malay (Gil, 2005). Since plurality is expressed very differently in each language, this study investigates how a bilingual child develops simultaneously two grammatical systems. The participant in this research is a female child named Rina, who was raised in Malay-English environment from birth. This investigation comprises of two parts; first is the longitudinal investigation of her plural acquisition from age 2;10 to 3;10. During this period, Rina was living in Australia, where the environmentally predominant language was English. The second complementary part is an investigation of Rina’s plural marking systems at age 4;8 when she had returned to Malaysia, where the predominant environmental language was Malay. For the longitudinal study, the database for the analyses was obtained from separate Malay and English recording sessions, which were conducted weekly from age 2;10 to 3;10. Likewise, the data for Rina’s plural expression at 4;8 was also obtained from separate Malay and English environment recordings. For the morphological plural development, results indicate that Rina developed two different systems to mark plurality in Malay and English. Her plural marking developed in the sequence predicted by PT. However, though she clearly distinguished the two languages, bidirectional influences from English to Malay and Malay to English were found in the corpus, both in the longitudinal study as well as at age 4;8. In the longitudinal study, it was found that in expressing plurals in Malay and English, Rina used various linguistic devices: one of the predominant strategies she employed in both languages was iteration, a strategy in which Rina expressed more than one objects by repeating the lexical item according to the number of individuated entities (hence four cats would be expressed as cat cat cat cat). Reduplication, the target grammatical Malay plural, only emerged at 3;8. Thus, we examine the prosodic development of the child’s iteration up till the emergence of reduplication. Findings indicate that the development from iteration to reduplication is gradual; the main acoustic correlate that she employed during the longitudinal study was final-syllable lengthening. She only began differentiating various prosodic mechanisms (such as pausing, duration and pitch) to distinguish repetition and reduplication in her plural marking at age 4;8. This study offers a new perspective on the interplay between the two languages in the early stages of grammatical development in a bilingual child. The specific features of plurality in Malay and English and how they develop in the bilingual child may shed light on the applicability of PT to BFLA. Also, the link between the child’s morphological development and prosodic mechanisms show that in acquiring the prosodic structures of reduplication, Rina creates partial and increasingly specific analyses of the grammatical forms, gradually approaching the conventional adult form

LEXICON USING OF SUNDANESE LANGUAGE LEVEL IN “PUPUH DANGDANGGULA”

This study analyzes the morphology process of Sundanese language in “Pupuh Dangdanggula”, which focuses on lexicon, and which in Sundanese there are language levels of each society level.The aim of this study is to conserve the Sundanese culture of Pupuh Dangdanggula, which is one of Pupuh to make the people religious. This study has several objectives: (1) to analyze lexicon in Dangdanggula canto, and (2) to identify the language level in Dangdanggula canto. Lexicon is the linguist’s term for the language user’s mental dictionary.. One of the Sundanese language uniqueness is language level or manners (undak usuk basa). The language manners are divided into: polite (lemes), middle/intimate/normal (loma), and impolite (kasar). Pupuh is come from Sundanese language that is Pepeuh, is Sundanese traditional poetry or canto which has particular syllable amount and rhyme in each line. There are 17 types of pupuh, each has a special character and is used for different story theme. Pupuh Dangdanggula is one of Sundanese traditional canto. The methodology used in this study is qualitative method employing the data source from five cantos of “Pupuh Dangdanggula” in a book entitled “Wawacan dalam khasanah Sastra Sunda dan Suntingan Teks Wawacan Rawi Mulud” and in website http://www.tekslirik.com/pupuh-dangdanggula.html. The lexicon of the data were analyzed by using the theory of lexicon and were classified by the theory of Sundanese language manners and levels. The results are expected to find the used lexicon and the language level classification of the lexicon in Sundanese Canto of Dangdanggula. The result of the research showed that: (1) there are the lexicon of the two lexicon categories in Dangdanggula canto, and (2) the lexicon using in Dangdanggula canto consists of normal and polite lexicon of Sundanese language level. The polite lexicon using in Dangdanggula canto is for the subject which is a high level society or God

Aphasia in a linguistically diverse population: resources for turn construction and interactional adaptations of Malaysian adults

The central aim of this thesis is to explore resources for turn construction and interactional adaptations in the conversation of adults with aphasia (a language difficulty acquired most commonly after stroke) in the linguistically diverse Malaysian population. Malaysia has a long history of societal multilingualism, necessitating individual bi/multilingualism; the thesis investigates for the first time the impact of aphasia on conversational interactions in this population. As a result, the thesis applies Conversation Analysis (CA), with an emphasis on localised investigation of participants’ turns within particular sequences. The data are from two sources: video recorded natural conversations in the homes of three participants with aphasia and their regular conversation partners, and conversations outside the home with a friend, where languages other than the home language were reportedly used. The data driven procedures of CA reveal turn construction resources of topic-comment structure, co-construction and repetition are deployed by PWAs in conversation with regular and less familiar conversation partners and these resources cross the linguistic boundaries of the languages in their repertoire. These resources also occur in the non-aphasic conversation partners’ turns and exhibit similarities to those documented in studies of the conversations of monolingual English speakers with aphasia. Given that two or more sets of linguistic resources are available for each partnership, code-switching is found to be a compensatory resource for dealing with word finding difficulties as well as a resource for claiming or ascribing identity. A comparison of conversations with a friend indicates that a partnership’s familiarity influences interactional outcomes. However, the relationship between familiarity and interactional success is a complex one which appears to vary for each partnership. The findings of this thesis have theoretical and clinical implications for planning support services for aphasia in societies where bi/multilingualism is the norm. The significance of this contribution becomes evident when global trends in linguistic diversity are taken into consideration

THE SOUND CHANGE IN SUNDANESE: PHONOLOGICAL STUDY ON JUJUN JUNAEDI’S SPEECH ENTITLED NIKAH

The linguist has categorized Sundanese dialects to be some part of dialects. However, in the same dialect, Sundanese people do sound changes in their pronunciation. For that reason, this research was conducted to identify the sound change do by Sundanese people. In this research, the researchers use Jujun Junaedi’s Sundanese speech entitled “Nikah” as the object. To support this research, the researchers use theory by Campbell (2004) and apply descriptive qualitative as the research method. Based on theory by Campbell, assimilation and deletion are found as two types of sound change do by Jujun Junaedi. In assimilation, there are total contact progressive assimilation and partial contact progressive assimilation. While, vowel and syllable deletion are found in Jujun Junaedi’s speech as part of kind sound deleted; whereas, apheresis and apocope are found based on the position of the sound deleted

Variation, norms and prescribed standard in the Mandarin Chinese spoken in Singapore

Relatório de estágio do mestrado em Economia, apresentado à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Carlos Carreira e Edgar Silva.No decorrer do estágio curricular, verificou-se o incremento do número de processos de insolvência de empresas-clientes da My Business, a entidade de acolhimento do presente estágio curricular. A recessão económica de 2008-2012 teve um grande impacto na economia portuguesa, refletindo-se na dinâmica das empresas, onde se observam variações significativas das taxas de entrada e saída de empresas e de criação e destruição de emprego nos diversos sectores. Este trabalho tem um duplo objetivo: primeiro, apresentar e enquadrar sectorialmente e regionalmente a entidade de acolhimento; segundo, analisar os efeitos da crise económica na dinâmica da indústria transformadora portuguesa. Na sua concretização adotou-se uma abordagem não experimental, delineando uma via descritiva e exploratória. Entre 2008 e 2012, observou-se um aumento substancial na destruição de emprego relativamente ao período de pré-crise e um pico na taxa de saída de empresas do mercado em 2011, coincidindo com a aplicação do Memorando de Entendimento. A saída de empresas parece ser influenciada negativamente por variáveis como o nível de produtividade e a dimensão da empresa. A entrada de empresas não apresenta qualquer impacto estatisticamente significativo na taxa de risco de saída das empresas. Durante o período de crise, as restrições financeiras das empresas são preponderantes sobre a produtividade no risco de saída

Dialect features of Leupueng children: a study of dialect in post tsunami Aceh

The 2004 Tsunami changed the composition of Leupueng population in Aceh, to be more heterogeneous. This study looks at the impact of this change on the use of Leupueng dialect features and found the reduced use of Leupueng dialect features among the children.<br /