e-Health interventions targeting pain-related psychological variables in fibromyalgia: a systematic review

There is growing evidence to support the potential benefit of e-Health interventions targeting psychosocial outcomes and/or pain-related psychological variables for chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). This systematic review aims at providing an in-depth description of the available e-Health psychological and/or multicomponent interventions for patients with FMS. Searches were made in PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and PsycINFO up to 15 May 2023, finally including twenty-six articles. The quality of the included articles was medium–high (average quality assessment score of 77.1%). 50% of studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 13), and the majority of them focused exclusively on adult patients with FMS (n = 23) who were predominantly female. Four categories of e-Health modalities were identified: web-based (n = 19), mobile application (m-Health) (n = 3), virtual reality (VR) (n = 2), and video consulting (n = 2). Interventions were mainly based on the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach (n = 14) and mostly involved contact with a healthcare professional through different digital tools. Overall, a growing number of psychological and multicomponent interventions have been created and delivered using digital tools in the context of FMS, showing their potentiality for improving psychosocial outcomes and pain-related psychological variables. However, some digital tools resulted as underrepresented, and the literature on this topic appears highly heterogeneous precluding robust conclusions

Attention and Social Cognition in Virtual Reality:The effect of engagement mode and character eye-gaze

Technical developments in virtual humans are manifest in modern character design. Specifically, eye gaze offers a significant aspect of such design. There is need to consider the contribution of participant control of engagement. In the current study, we manipulated participants’ engagement with an interactive virtual reality narrative called Coffee without Words. Participants sat over coffee opposite a character in a virtual café, where they waited for their bus to be repaired. We manipulated character eye-contact with the participant. For half the participants in each condition, the character made no eye-contact for the duration of the story. For the other half, the character responded to participant eye-gaze by making and holding eye contact in return. To explore how participant engagement interacted with this manipulation, half the participants in each condition were instructed to appraise their experience as an artefact (i.e., drawing attention to technical features), while the other half were introduced to the fictional character, the narrative, and the setting as though they were real. This study allowed us to explore the contributions of character features (interactivity through eye-gaze) and cognition (attention/engagement) to the participants’ perception of realism, feelings of presence, time duration, and the extent to which they engaged with the character and represented their mental states (Theory of Mind). Importantly it does so using a highly controlled yet ecologically valid virtual experience

Psychiatry in the Digital Age: A Blessing or a Curse?

Social distancing and the shortage of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of population aging on the healthcare system, as well as the rapid pace of digital innovation are catalyzing the development and implementation of new technologies and digital services in psychiatry. Is this transformation a blessing or a curse for psychiatry? To answer this question, we conducted a literature review covering a broad range of new technologies and eHealth services, including telepsychiatry; computer-, internet-, and app-based cognitive behavioral therapy; virtual reality; digital applied games; a digital medicine system; omics; neuroimaging; machine learning; precision psychiatry; clinical decision support; electronic health records; physician charting; digital language translators; and online mental health resources for patients. We found that eHealth services provide effective, scalable, and cost-efficient options for the treatment of people with limited or no access to mental health care. This review highlights innovative technologies spearheading the way to more effective and safer treatments. We identified artificially intelligent tools that relieve physicians from routine tasks, allowing them to focus on collaborative doctor-patient relationships. The transformation of traditional clinics into digital ones is outlined, and the challenges associated with the successful deployment of digitalization in psychiatry are highlighted

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with Public Speaking Anxiety

Bakgrunn: Presentasjonsangst er en av de vanligste fryktene blant ungdom. Angsten innebærer en redsel for å bli negativt evaluert, etterfulgt av en følelse av å bli flau eller ydmyket når man snakker foran andre. Eksponeringsterapi for presentasjonsangst er utfordrende å gjennomføre, da en trenger et reelt publikum som kan fungere som det fryktede stimuli. Virtual Reality (VR) kan være løsningen, da teknologien er i stand til å skape et virtuelt publikum, som kan oppleves som ekte. For voksne med presentasjonsangt finnes det flere randomiserte kontrollerte VR-studier som viser gode kliniske effekter, men en vet lite om effekten relatert til ungdom. Ingen studier har tidligere evaluert effekten av selvveiledet, automatiserte og spillbaserte VR-intervensjoner for ungdom med presentasjonsangst. Mål: Denne oppgaven adresserte aktuelle kunnskapshull ved å kartlegge den kliniske effekten og gjennomførbarheten av to VR-intervensjoner for ungdom med presentasjonsangst: en terapeutveiledet og en selvveiledet, automatisert og spillbasert intervensjon. Målet med Artikkel I var å undersøke gjennomførbarheten og den kliniske effekten av en terapeutveiledet, enkelt-sesjons VR-intervensjon for ungdom med presentasjonsangst. Hovedmålet med Artikkel II var å undersøke den kliniske effekten av en selvveiledet, automatisert og spillbasert VR-intervensjon sammenlignet med venteliste og en selvveiledet nettbasert intervensjon. Et sekundært mål var å undersøke om VR-intervensjonen førte til en økning i påfølgende eksponeringsøvelser under det nettbaserte eksponeringsprogrammet, sammenlignet med de som mottok nettbasert psykoedukasjons- og eksponeringsprogram. Målet med Artikkel III var å undersøke om intervensjonene rettet mot presentasjonsangst også førte til en reduksjon i symptomer på perfeksjonisme og om symptomer på perfeksjonisme modererte den kliniske effekten av intervensjonene for presentasjonsangst. Metode: To kliniske studier ga data for tre studier: en ikke-randomisert gjennomførbarhet- og pilotstudie (papir I) og en to-faset, firearmet randomisert kontrollert studie (papir II og III). Begge studiene undersøkte effekter og moderatorer av behandling: symptomer på generalisert sosial angst ved baseline og tilstedeværelse i det virtuelle miljøet (artikkel I) og om perfeksjonisme modererte behandlingsresultatet (artikkel III). Selvrapporterte symptomer på presentasjonsangst ble innhentet under intervensjons- og oppfølgingsperioden i begge studiene, i tillegg til hjertefrekvensmålinger under VR-eksponeringen i Artikkel I, selvrapporterte symptomer på generalisert sosial angst i Artikkel II og III, og perfeksjonisme i Artikkel III. Gjennomførbarhets- og pilotstudien i Artikkel I inkluderte N=27 ungdommer som deltok i en terapeutveiledet, 90-minutters VR-intervensjon på én sesjon ved klinikken. To-faset, firearmede randomiserte kontrollerte studien i Artikkel II og III inkluderte N=100 ungdommer som deltok i et seks ukers digitalt selvveiledet intervensjonsprogram. Ungdommene ble randomisert i fire grupper, med følgende fase én + fase to intervensjon; 1) Kun VR, 2) VR + nettbasert eksponeringsprogram, 3) Nettbasert psykoedukasjon + eksponeringsprogram, 4) Venteliste + nettbasert psykoedukasjonsprogram. Resultater: Resultater fra Artikkel I viste en signifikant reduksjon i presentasjonsangstsymptomer fra pre til post, og symptomene holdt seg stabile ved en og tre måneders oppfølging. Basert på tilbakemeldinger fra ungdommene, ble gjennomførbarheten av intervensjonen økt i løpet av studien, noe som resulterte i ingen manglende besvarelser ved oppfølging. Symptomer på generalisert sosial angst ved baseline og tilstedeværelse modererte ikke de kliniske effektene. Det var en liten økning i hjertefrekvensen under VR-eksponeringsoppgavene. Resultater fra Artikkel II viste en signifikant større reduksjon i presentasjonsangstsymptomer blant ungdommene som mottok VR-intervensjonen sammenlignet med ventelistegruppen. Resultatene viste også at VR + nettbasert eksponeringsprogram var like effektivt sammenlignet med kun VR og nettbasert psykoedukasjon + eksponeringsprogram. I tillegg hadde alle fire grupper en signifikant reduksjon i presentasjonsangstsymptomer. I motsetning til hypotesen fullførte ikke ungdommer som mottok VR-intervensjon et høyere antall in-vivo-eksponeringsoppgaver i løpet av nettbasert eksponeringsprogram sammenlignet med de som mottok nettbasert psykoedukasjon og eksponeringsprogram. De kliniske effektene holdt seg stabile ved tre måneders oppfølging. Resultater fra Artikkel III viste at intervensjonene ikke reduserte perfeksjonisme på gruppenivå, men det var signifikante individuelle forskjeller i endringer over tid. En nedgang i perfeksjonisme var assosiert med en større reduksjon på alle utfallsmål fra post til oppfølging. Det var ingen signifikante interaksjonseffekter mellom presentasjonsangstsymptomer og nivået av perfeksjonisme før behandling. Høye nivåer av perfeksjonisme før behandling var assosiert med dårligere langsiktige resultater for begge gruppene som mottok det nettbaserte eksponeringsprogrammet. Konklusjon: Denne oppgaven bidrar til det voksende evidensgrunnlaget for VR-eksponeringsterapi, og den første som demonstrerer potensialet til både terapeutveiledet og selvveiledet VR-behandling for ungdom generelt, og spesielt for de med presentasjonsangst. Resultatene indikerer at VR-behandling kan fungere som et indisert forebyggingsprogram for ungdom med PSA. Studiene som inngår i oppgaven er gjennomført ved hjelp av et solid design. Gjennomførbarhet og pilotering var første trinn, før man for første gang med denne målgruppen evaluerte de kliniske effektene i en randomisert kontrollert studie. I tillegg har oppgaven undersøkt relevante moderatorer av behandlinger; rollen til perfeksjonisme og hvordan den kan hindre bedring. Disse resultatene kan være veiledende for hvordan optimalisere fremtidige intervensjoner for ungdom med presentasjonsangst. Fremtidige studier bør undersøke om VR-terapi har en langsiktig forebyggende effekt på utvikling av generalisert sosial angst da dette fortsatt er uklart for denne aldersgruppen.Background: Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA) is one of the most common fears reported by adolescents. PSA involves the fear of being negatively evaluated, followed by a feeling of being embarrassed or humiliated when speaking in front of others. Providing state-of-the-art in-vivo exposure therapy for PSA is difficult due to the logistics of recruiting an actual audience trained to act as the feared stimuli. An attractive way of resolving this obstacle is through Virtual Reality (VR) technology, which is capable of creating an immersive experience of being in front of a virtual audience, as if it was real. Although there are several randomized controlled trials demonstrating the clinical efficacy of VR exposure therapy for adults with PSA, little is known about its clinical effects on adolescents. Moreover, no past study has evaluated self-guided and automated VR interventions for adolescents with PSA. Aims: This thesis addressed these key knowledge gaps by exploring the clinical effects and feasibility of both therapist-guided and self-guided, and automated VR interventions for adolescents with PSA. The aim of Paper I was to investigate the feasibility and the clinical effects of a therapist-guided, single-session VR-intervention for adolescents with PSA, using low-cost consumer VR hardware. The primary aim of Paper II was to investigate the clinical efficacy of a self-guided, automated, and gamified VR intervention compared with waitlist and self-guided online programs. A secondary aim was to explore whether the VR intervention led to an increase in subsequent exposure tasks during the online exposure program compared to those receiving the online psychoeducation and exposure program. The aim of Paper III was to investigate whether interventions targeting PSA also led to a reduction in symptoms of perfectionism and whether symptoms of perfectionism moderated the clinical efficacy of self-guided interventions for PSA. Methods: Two clinical trials provided data for three studies: one non-randomized feasibility and pilot study (Paper I) and a two-phased, four-armed randomized controlled study (Paper II and III). Both trials investigated effects and moderators of treatment: baseline generalized social anxiety symptoms and presence in the virtual environment (Paper I) and whether perfectionism moderated treatment outcome (Paper III). Self-reported PSA were assessed during the intervention and follow-up period in both studies, in addition to heart rate measurements during the VR exposure in Paper I, self-reported symptoms of generalized SAD in Paper II and III, and perfectionism in Paper III. The non-randomized feasibility and pilot study in Paper I included N=27 adolescents who participated in a therapist-guided, 90-minutes single-session VR intervention at the clinic. The two-phased, four-armed randomized controlled study in Paper II and III included N=100 adolescents who participated in a six weeks digital self-guided interventions program. The adolescents were randomized into four groups, with the following phase one + phase two intervention; 1) VR only, 2) VR + online exposure program, 3) Online psychoeducation + exposure program, 4) Waitlist + online psychoeducation program. Results: Results from Paper I revealed a significant decrease in PSA symptoms from pre to post, and symptoms remained stable at one- and three-month follow-up. Based on feedback from the adolescents, the feasibility of the intervention was increased during the trial, resulting in no missing data. Baseline generalized social anxiety symptoms and presence did not moderate the clinical effects. There was a small increase in heart rate during the VR exposure tasks. Results from Paper II revealed a significantly greater reduction in PSA symptoms among the adolescents who received the VR intervention compared to the the waitlist group. The results also demonstrated that VR + online exposure program was as equally effective as compared to VR only and online psychoeducation + exposure program. Moreover, all groups had a significant reduction in PSA symptoms. Contrary to the hypothesis, adolescents who received VR training did not complete a higher number of in-vivo-exposure tasks during the online exposure program compared to those receiving online psychoeducation and exposure program. The clinical effects remained stable at three-month follow-up. Results from Paper III revealed that the interventions did not reduce perfectionism at a group level, however, there were significant individual differences in changes over time. A decrease in perfectionism was associated with a larger reduction on all outcome measures from post to follow-up. There were no significant interaction effects between PSA symptoms and the pre-treatment level of perfectionism. High pre-treatment levels of perfectionism was associated with poorer long-term outcomes for both groups receiving the online exposure program. Conclusions: In sum, this thesis contributes to the growing evidence base for VR exposure therapy, and is among the first to demonstrate the potential of both therapist-guided and self-guided, VR interventions for adolescents in general and with PSA in particular. The results indicate that VR may serve as an indicated prevention program for adolescents with PSA. The studies included in the thesis is conducted through a strong design with feasibility and piloting as a first step before evaluating, for the first time with this target group, the clinical effects in a randomized controlled trial. Moreover, the thesis has investigated relevant moderators of treatments, specifically the role of perfectionism and how it may hinder treatment improvement. These results can provide guidance on how to optimize future interventions for the large group of adolescents with PSA. Future studies should investigate whether VR interventions have a long-term preventive effect on the development of generalized social anxiety as this remains unclear for this age group.Doktorgradsavhandlin

A review of virtual reality technologies in the field of communication disability: implications for practice and research.

BACKGROUND: Technology devices and applications including virtual reality (VR) are increasingly used in healthcare research and practice as tools to promote health and wellbeing. However, there is limited research examining the potential for VR to enable improved communication for people with communication disability. AIMS: To review: (a) current research using VR in speech-language pathology; and (b) the ethical and safety considerations of VR research, to inform an agenda for future research applying VR in the field of speech-language pathology. MAIN CONTRIBUTION: This review reveals that there is an emergent body of literature applying VR to improve or develop physical, psychological and communication interventions. Use of non-immersive virtual environments to provide speech-language pathology assessment or intervention for people with communication disability has demonstrated positive outcomes, with emerging evidence of the transfer of functional communication skills from virtual to real-world environments. However, the use of VR technology and immersive virtual environments in communication disability practice and research introduces safety and ethical issues that must be carefully considered. CONCLUSIONS: Research employing VR is in its infancy in the field of speech-language pathology. Early evidence from other healthcare disciplines suggests that VR is an engaging means of delivering immersive and interactive training to build functional skills that can be generalized to the real world. While the introduction of new technology requires careful consideration of research ethics and patient safety, future VR communication research could proceed safely with adequate engagement of interdisciplinary teams and technology specialists. Implications for rehabilitation Immersive virtual reality may be used in rehabilitation to simulate natural environments to practice and develop communication skills. The sense of immersion that can be achieved using virtual reality may promote the generalization of skills learnt during clinical rehabilitation to real-world situations. Ethical and safety considerations, including cybersecurity and cybersickness, must be carefully monitored during all virtual reality research

Psychotherapeutic interventions for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder:An update

Purpose of the review. We review treatment outcome studies and systematic reviews for childhood and adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) between January 2020 and August 2022, including studies involving younger children and different treatment delivery methods and models. We address predictors, moderators, treatment engagement, and attrition.Recent findings. Recent randomised controlled trials corroborate earlier trials documenting trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT) as a highly efficacious treatment for PTSD. Evidence for treatment effects in complex PTSD in youth is still sparse. Research on moderators and predictors of treatment continues to be hampered by multiple factors, including a lack of sufficiently large homogeneous trauma samples.Summary. TF-CBT is a very effective treatment for children and adolescents with PTSD. Further work is needed to (i) demonstrate that task-shifting models utilising lay community health counsellors and peer counsellors can effectively and cost-effectively close the mental health treatment gap that exists world-wide in children and adolescents diagnosed with PTSD, but particularly within low- and middle income countries, and (ii) better understand moderators and predictors of treatment which remains a priority.</p

Telemedicine and Virtual Reality for Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Roadmap for the COVID-19 Pandemic

The current COVID-19 pandemic presents unprecedented new challenges to public health and medical care delivery. To control viral transmission, social distancing measures have been implemented all over the world, interrupting the access to routine medical care for many individuals with neurological diseases. Cognitive disorders are common in many neurological conditions, e.g., stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and other types of dementia, Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes, and multiple sclerosis, and should be addressed by cognitive rehabilitation interventions. To be effective, cognitive rehabilitation programs must be intensive and prolonged over time; however, the current virus containment measures are hampering their implementation. Moreover, the reduced access to cognitive rehabilitation might worsen the relationship between the patient and the healthcare professional. Urgent measures to address issues connected to COVID-19 pandemic are, therefore, needed. Remote communication technologies are increasingly regarded as potential effective options to support health care interventions, including neurorehabilitation and cognitive rehabilitation. Among them, telemedicine, virtual reality, augmented reality, and serious games could be in the forefront of these efforts. We will briefly review current evidence-based recommendations on the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation and offer a perspective on the role of tele- and virtual rehabilitation to achieve adequate cognitive stimulation in the era of social distancing related to COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we will discuss issues related to their diffusion and propose a roadmap to address them. Methodological and technological improvements might lead to a paradigm shift to promote the delivery of cognitive rehabilitation to people with reduced mobility and in remote regions