Adiksi Internet: Kesehatan Fisik, Mental, dan Sosial

Sekitar 40% populasi di dunia mengakses internet. Meningkatnya jumlah populasi tersebut memunculkan kasus klinis berkenaan dengan gejala-gejala penyalahgunaan/adiksi. Beberapa tahun terakhir, istilah adiksi diperluas lebih dari ketergantungan zat, sehingga perilaku yang tidak terkait zat yang menyebabkan masalah dan gangguan juga termasuk ke dalamnya. Adiksi zat dan adiksi perilaku mungkin terlihat serupa dalam pengaruhnya terhadap pola perilaku, emosi, dan fisiologi. Secara psikologis, adiksi internet menjadi prediktor kuat terhadap kondisi psikiatri, di antaranya depresi dan kecemasan. Adiksi internet dapat menurunkan konsentrasi, prestasi akademik, sehingga stresor tersebut dapat meningkat menjadi kejadian depresi maupun kecemasan. Secara sosial, adiksi internet telah menggeser kehidupan sosial di dunia nyata. Individu lebih suka berkomunikasi melalui situs jejaring sosial atau chat room, dan mulai kehilangan makna pertemanan karena menggantikannya dengan teman-teman virtual di jejaring sosial. Adiksi internet juga dilaporkan menyebabkan banyak masalah kesehatan fisik berupa sakit kepala, rasa kaku, sakit punggung, sakit leher, dan insomnia

Internet use impact on physical health during COVID-19 lockdown in Bangladesh : a web-based cross-sectional study

Previous studies on internet use frequency were focused on mental health impact, with little known about the impact on physical health during the COVID-19 lockdown. This study examined the impact of internet use frequency on self reported physical health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Bangladesh. A web-based cross-sectional study on 3242 individuals was conducted from 2 August–1 October 2020. The survey covered demographics, internet use frequency and self-reported physical health questions. Linear regression analyses were used to examine the impact of internet use frequency on physical health. 72.5%, 69.9%, 65.1% and 55.3% respondents reported headache, back pain, numbness of the fingers and neck pain, respectively. The analyses showed increased physical health impact among regular (coefficient β = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18–0.85, p = 0.003), frequent (β = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.88–1.54, p < 0.001) and intense (β = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.91–2.57, p < 0.001) internet users. Other important predictors were gender, income, occupation, regions, and working status. Frequent and extensive uses of the internet were strong predictors of physical health problems, and our findings suggest the need for increased awareness about the physical health problems that can be triggered by excessive internet usage

The relationship between internet addiction, cyberbullying and parental attitudes

Aim: This descriptive study was conducted in order to determine the relationship between internet addiction, cyberbullying, cyber victimization and parental attitudes towards them. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 550 students attending the ninth grade who volunteered to participate in this study. Consent from the ethical committee, institute and the parents were obtained for this study. Data were collected using the Student Individual Information form, Young's Internet Addiction Test-short form, Cyberbullying scale, Cyber Victimization scale and Parental Attitudes Scale. Results: It was determined that 47.1% of the students had a computer or a tablet and 99.5% of them had a smartphone; 44.9% of the students used a computer once a week, and 57.4% used a smartphone to watch videos or films or to follow social media. There was a positive relationship between Young's Internet Addiction test and the Cyberbullying scale while there was a negative relationship between Internet addiction and cyber victimization (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to these results, educational programs for adolescents and their parents should be developed related to Internet use in adolescents and the risks of addiction, and cyberbullying

Can physical activity attenuate the impact of internet addiction on anxiety in young adults? A moderation analysis

Background: The potential moderators of the nexus between internet addiction (IA) and symptoms of anxiety are less understood. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the moderating roles of physical activity (PA) and gender in the association between IA and anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 510 Nigerian undergraduate students was carried out. IA, anxiety, and PA levels (low, moderate, and high) were assessed using Internet Addiction Test, anxiety sub-scale of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, and Patient-Centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise Plus Nutrition, respectively. Moderation analysis was applied while controlling for important covariates. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 21.33 ± 2.63 years. The prevalence of IA and anxiety was 57.6 % and 52.6 %. IA was positively associated with anxiety (b=0.307, 95 % CI: 0.2168-0.3982, t (498) =6.660, p < 0.001). PA level, but not gender seem to moderate the association between IA and anxiety (F (2, 498) =3.561, p=0.029, R2 change =0.011). Moreover, interaction between PA and gender indicated that the moderating effect of PA was less pronounced among females compared with males (F (3, 498) =2.895, p=0.035, R2 change =0.014). Conclusions: PA can attenuate the deleterious nexus between IA and anxiety in young adults. The attenuation of PA in IA-anxiety nexus is weaker among female young adults compared with male counterparts. PA is a viable low-cost intervention strategy in combating the effect of IA on symptoms of anxiety among young adults. Further longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms among IA, anxiety symptoms, PA, and gender

The effective utilization of internet bandwidth in organizational demand services and applications

This research evaluates the sustainable utilization of Internet bandwidth usage and proposes a framework for organizational Internet Bandwidth demand service. The study highlighted the lack of an understanding of how much internet bandwidth is required for business and individual use and to what extent individual users must be familiar with it. This is crucial because it will enable a smooth data transmission flow back and forward in an organizational network. That is why this study seeks to (1) measure the relationship between organizational learning and effective utilization of internet bandwidth; (2) assess the relationship between organizational learning and organizational performance, and (3) investigate the mediating impact of effective utilization of internet bandwidth in influencing the relationship between organizational learning and organizational performance. We adopted the quantitative research methodology, and a reasonable sample population (n=318) was selected from those Malaysian business firms that use Internet bandwidth. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to test the relationship among study variables. The finding indicates that; organizational learning is of critical importance in the effective utilization of Internet bandwidth. However, effective bandwidth utilization does not mediate the relationship between organizational learning and performance. This result is interpreted that learning how to use Internet bandwidth improves individual usage and better decision-making in choosing an organization's Internet bandwidth-demand services and applications. Still, it does not significantly increase operational and financial performance

The cycle of solitude and avoidance: a daily life evaluation of the relationship between internet addiction and symptoms of social anxiety

A consistent association has been observed between internet addiction and symptoms of social anxiety. However, there is a lack of empirical research that delves into potential explanations for this relationship and its directionality, making it difficult to translate findings into development of interventions for social anxiety that account for technology-related behaviors. The present study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal dynamics between internet addiction, symptoms of social anxiety, avoidance of social interactions, and using the internet to cope with loneliness. By means of an ecological momentary assessment study, we evaluated a sample of 122 young adults from Chile using intensive self-report measurements five times a day, for a period of 10 days. Using mixed-effects models, we examined the directionality between internet addiction and symptoms of social anxiety, together with an explanation of their relationship. Results indicate that internet addiction antecedes symptoms of social anxiety; however, the reverse relationship was not observed. Furthermore, instances where individuals avoided social interactions or used the internet to cope with loneliness were predictive of later increases in levels of internet addiction, suggesting a vicious cycle. Significant heterogeneity was observed in these effects, highlighting the need for a more personalized approach when including technology-related behaviors in social anxiety interventions. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed

Investigating the associations between well-being and digital technology use in a UK university student population

Introduction: Understanding and protecting the well-being of university students is of increasing importance to universities and support services. Problematic digital technology use has been associated with poorer student well-being internationally, but little is known about this relationship in the UK university student population. The current research investigated whether digital technology use and well-being are associated in the UK student population, which factors of well-being are important to this relationship and how they are associated with digital technology use. Method: Students from the University of Leeds (n = 544) completed an online survey composed of standardised measures of factors relating to psychological well-being, mental health, physical health and problematic digital technology use. Nine models were analysed using structural equation modelling. Theoretical relationships between well-being and digital technology use and moderating effects of basic psychological need satisfaction, social support and mental health were assessed, as well as the goodness of fit for each model. Results: The superior model, 5.0, hypothesised that greater problematic digital technology use would be associated with lower well-being. Mental health and basic psychological need satisfaction were hypothesised to moderate this relationship. In model 5.0, digital technology use was significantly negatively associated with well-being (β = -0.16, p < .01). Basic psychological need satisfaction did not moderate the relationship. Mental health moderated the relationship and was significantly negatively associated with well-being (β = -0.90, p < .001) and significantly positively associated with digital technology use (β = 0.26, p < .001). Discussion: Digital technology use is related to well-being in the UK university student population. Students with mental health difficulties are more likely to have a problematic relationship with digital technology and for their use of digital technology to negatively impact on their well-being. It is recommended that universities work to increase awareness of the impact of problematic technology use on well-being and its relationship with mental health difficulties

Υπερβολική Χρήση του Διαδικτύου, Διαμόρφωση Ταυτότητας του Εγώ, Τύποι Προσκόλλησης και Υποκειμενική Ευημερία στην Αναδυόμενη Ενηλικίωση

Τις τελευταίες δύο δεκαετίες, η χρήση του διαδικτύου παρουσιάζει σημαντική αύξηση σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα. Οι συνέπειες της υπερβολικής χρήσης του αντανακλώνται σε προσωπικό, κοινωνικό, ακαδημαϊκό και επαγγελματικό επίπεδο. Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι η μελέτη του φαινομένου σε αναδυόμενους ενήλικες καθώς, ως προς τις συνέπειες αυτές, προγενέστερες μελέτες αναφέρονται σε αυτή την ηλικιακή ομάδα ως «υψηλού κινδύνου». Οι διεργασίες διαμόρφωσης της ταυτότητας, οι τύποι προσκόλλησης και η υποκειμενική ευημερία εξετάζονται ως παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με την υπερβολική χρήση του διαδικτύου. Το δείγμα αποτέλεσαν 500 αναδυόμενοι ενήλικες, ηλικίας 18-25. Οι συμμετέχοντες συμπλήρωσαν: α) το Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998a), β) το Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (Luyckx et al., 2008), γ) το Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Griffin &amp; Bartholomew, 1994), δ) το Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al.,1985), ε) ένα δημογραφικό ερωτηματολόγιο. Πενήντα εκ των συμμετεχόντων συμπλήρωναν για 12 μήνες το Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (Diener et al., 2009) για την αξιολόγηση του θετικού και αρνητικού συναισθήματος. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν πως το ποσοστό της υπερβολικής χρήσης του διαδικτύου είναι σημαντικό στους αναδυόμενους ενήλικες και σχετίζεται με το φύλο (άνδρες &gt; γυναίκες), τον χρόνο που περνούν τα άτομα στο διαδίκτυο και τις διαδικτυακές δραστηριότητες. Τα άτομα που δεν είναι ικανοποιημένα με τις παρούσες συνθήκες της ζωής τους, βρίσκονται σε μηρυκαστική διερεύνηση και αποφεύγουν τις στενές διαπροσωπικές σχέσεις, είναι πιθανό να καταφύγουν σε υπερβολική χρήση του διαδικτύου. Από το ημερολόγιο, διαπιστώθηκε πως η υπερβολική χρήση διαδικτύου σχετίζεται αρνητικά με το θετικό συναίσθημα, ενώ συμβάλλει σημαντικά και στη σταδιακή αύξηση του αρνητικού συναισθήματος. Τα συγκεκριμένα ευρήματα μπορούν να αποτελέσουν σημείο αναφοράς για την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση της χρήσης του διαδικτύου και της ποιότητας ζωής των νέων.In the last two decades, internet usage has increased significantly on a global scale. The consequences of overuse are reflected in personal, social, academic and professional level. Purpose of the present research is the study of the phenomenon in emerging adults as well, in terms of These effects, previous studies refer to this age group as &quot;High Risk&quot;. The processes of identity formation, the types of attachment and subjective well-being are considered as factors associated with excessive internet use.The sample consisted of 500 emerging adults, aged 18-25. The participants completed: a) the Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998a), b) the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (Luyckx et al., 2008), c) the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Griffin &amp; Bartholomew, 1994), d) Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985), e) a demographic questionnaire. Fifty of the participants completed the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience for 12 months (Diener et al., 2009) for the evaluation of positive and negative emotion. The results of research has shown that the rate of internet overuse is significant in emerging adults and is related to gender (men&gt; women), the time that spend people on the internet and internet activities.People who are not satisfied with their current living conditions, are in ruminative exploration and avoid close interpersonal relationships, they are likely to resort in excessive use of the internet. From the diary, it was found that the excessive Internet use is negatively related to positive emotion, while it contributes significantly and in the gradual increase of negative emotion. The specific findings can be a reference point for further investigation of the use of the Internet and the quality of life of young people

THE IMPACT OF MULTIPLE SPATIAL LEVELS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON NONMOTORIZED TRAVEL BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH

Over the past several decades, the primacy of the automobile in American travel culture has led to rising congestion and energy consumption levels, rampant air pollution, sprawled urban designs, pervasiveness of sedentary behaviors and lifestyles, and prevalence of many health problems. Nonmotorized modes of travel such as walking and bicycling are sustainable alternatives to the automobile and suitable remedies to the adverse environmental, economic, and health effects of automobile dependency. As research continues to reveal the many benefits of nonmotorized travel modes, identification of the factors that influence people’s levels of walking and bicycling has become essential in developing transportation planning policies and urban designs that nurture these activities, and thereby promote public health. Among such factors are the built environment characteristics of the place of residence. To date, research on the impact of the built environment on nonmotorized travel behavior has been focused on neighborhood-level factors. Nonetheless, people do not stay within their neighborhoods; they live and work at a regional scale and travel to different places and distances each day to access various destinations. Little is known, however, about the impact of built environment factors at larger scales including those representing the overall built environment of metropolitan areas on nonmotorized travel behavior and health status of residents. Guided by the principles of the ecological model of behavior, this dissertation systematically tests the impact of the built environment at hierarchical spatial scales on nonmotorized travel behavior and health outcomes. Advanced statistical techniques have been employed to develop integrated models allowing comprehensive examination of the complex interrelationships between the built environment, nonmotorized travel, and health. Through inclusion of built environment factors from larger spatial scales, this research sheds light on the overlooked impact of the macro-level built environment on nonmotorized travel and health. The findings indicate that built environment factors at various spatial scales—including the metropolitan area—can influence nonmotorized travel behavior and health outcomes of residents. Thus, to promote walking and bicycling and public health, more effective policies are those that include multilevel built environment and land use interventions and consider the overall physical form of urban areas