Real Time Management in Manufacturing Systems: A State-of-the-art Review - Terminology, Definitions, and Application Areas

The paper presents an introduction to the real time management considering the meta‐theoretical framework for the real time management discipline investigation, the terminology and definitions, and application areas through the state of the art review. The paper presents also some directions for the future work.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Case-Based Decision Support for Disaster Management

Disasters are characterized by severe disruptions of the society’s functionality and adverse impacts on humans, the environment, and economy that cannot be coped with by society using its own resources. This work presents a decision support method that identifies appropriate measures for protecting the public in the course of a nuclear accident. The method particularly considers the issue of uncertainty in decision-making as well as the structured integration of experience and expert knowledge

Information Systems for Supporting Fire Emergency Response

Despite recent work on information systems, many first responders in emergency situations are unable to develop sufficient understanding of the situation to enable them to make good decisions. The record of the UK Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) has been particularly poor in terms of providing the information systems support to the fire fighters decision-making during their work. There is very little work on identifying the specific information needs of different types of fire fighters. Consequently, this study has two main aims. The first is to identify the information requirements of several specific members of the FRS hierarchy that lead to better Situation Awareness. The second is to identify how such information should be presented. This study was based on extensive data collected in the FRS brigades of three counties and focused on large buildings having a high-risk of fire and four key fire fighter job roles: Incident Commander, Sector Commander, Breathing Apparatus Entry Control Officer and Breathing Apparatus Wearers. The requirements elicitation process was guided by a Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) tool: Goal Directed Information Analysis (GDIA), which was developed specifically for this study. Initially appropriate scenarios were developed. Based on the scenarios, 44 semi-structured interviews were carried out in three different elicitation phases with both novice and experienced fire fighters. Together with field observations of fire simulation and training exercises, fire and rescue related documentation; a comprehensive set of information needs of fire fighters was identified. These were validated through two different stages via 34 brainstorming sessions with the participation of a number of subject-matter experts. To explore appropriate presentation methods of information, software mock-up was developed. This mock-up is made up of several human computer interfaces, which were evaluated via 19 walkthrough and workshop sessions, involving 22 potential end-users and 14 other related experts. As a result, many of the methods used in the mock-up were confirmed as useful and appropriate and several refinements proposed. The outcomes of this study include: 1) A set of GDI Diagrams showing goal related information needs for each of the job roles with the link to their decision-making needs, 2) A series of practical recommendations suitable for designing of human computer interfaces of fire emergency response information system, 3) Human computer interface mock-ups for an information system to enhance Situation Awareness of fire fighters and 4) A conceptual architecture for the underlying information system. In addition, this study also developed an enhanced cognitive task analysis tool capable of exploring the needs of emergency first responders. This thesis contributes to our understanding of how information systems could be designed to enhance the Situation Awareness of first responders in a fire emergency. These results will be of particular interest to practicing information systems designers and developers in the FRS in the UK and to the wider academic community

Computer-based tools for supporting forest management. The experience and the expertise world-wide

Report of Cost Action FP 0804 Forest Management Decision Support Systems (FORSYS)Computer-based tools for supporting forest management. The experience and the expertise world-wide answers a call from both the research and the professional communities for a synthesis of current knowledge about the use of computerized tools in forest management planning. According to the aims of the Forest Management Decision Support Systems (FORSYS) (http://fp0804.emu.ee/) this synthesis is a critical success factor to develop a comprehensive quality reference for forest management decision support systems. The emphasis of the book is on identifying and assessing the support provided by computerized tools to enhance forest management planning in real-world contexts. The book thus identifies the management planning problems that prevail world-wide to discuss the architecture and the components of the tools used to address them. Of importance is the report of architecture approaches, models and methods, knowledge management and participatory planning techniques used to address specific management planning problems. We think that this synthesis may provide effective support to research and outreach activities that focus on the development of forest management decision support systems. It may contribute further to support forest managers when defining the requirements for a tool that best meets their needs. The first chapter of the book provides an introduction to the use of decision support systems in the forest sector and lays out the FORSYS framework for reporting the experience and expertise acquired in each country. Emphasis is on the FORSYS ontology to facilitate the sharing of experiences needed to characterize and evaluate the use of computerized tools when addressing forest management planning problems. The twenty six country reports share a structure designed to underline a problem-centric focus. Specifically, they all start with the identification of the management planning problems that are prevalent in the country and they move on to the characterization and assessment of the computerized tools used to address them. The reports were led by researchers with background and expertise in areas that range from ecological modeling to forest modeling, management planning and information and communication technology development. They benefited from the input provided by forest practitioners and by organizations that are responsible for developing and implementing forest management plans. A conclusions chapter highlights the success of bringing together such a wide range of disciplines and perspectives. This book benefited from voluntary contributions by 94 authors and from the involvement of several forest stakeholders from twenty six countries in Europe, North and South America, Africa and Asia over a three-year period. We, the chair of FORSYS and the editorial committee of the publication, acknowledge and thank for the valuable contributions from all authors, editors, stakeholders and FORSYS actors involved in this project

Learning Static Knowledge for AI Planning Domain Models via Plan Traces

Learning is fundamental to autonomous behaviour and from the point of view of Machine Learning, it is the ability of computers to learn without being programmed explicitly. Attaining such capability for learning domain models for Automated Planning (AP) engines is what triggered research into developing automated domain-learning systems. These systems can learn from training data. Until recent research it was believed that working in dynamically changing and unpredictable environments, it was not possible to construct action models a priori. After the research in the last decade, many systems have proved effective in engineering domain models by learning from plan traces. However, these systems require additional planner oriented information such as a partial domain model, initial, goal and/or intermediate states. Hence, a question arises - whether or not we can learn a dynamic domain model, which covers all domain behaviours from real-time action sequence traces only. The research in this thesis extends an area of the most promising line of work that is connected to work presented in an REF Journal paper. This research aims to enhance the LOCM system and to extend the method of Learning Domain Models for AI Planning Engines via Plan Traces. This method was first published in ICAPS 2009 by Cresswell, McCluskey, and West (Cresswell, 2009). LOCM is unique in that it requires no prior knowledge of the target domain; however, it can produce a dynamic part of a domain model from training. Its main drawback is that it does not produce static knowledge of the domain, and its model lacks certain expressive features. A key aspect of research presented in this thesis is to enhance the technique with the capacity to generate static knowledge. A test and focus for this PhD is to make LOCM able to learn static relationships in a fully automatic way in addition to the dynamic relationships, which LOCM can already learn, using plan traces as input. We present a novel system - The ASCoL (Automatic Static Constraints Learner) which provides a graphical interface for visual representation and exploits directed graph discovery and analysis technique. It has been designed to discover domain-specific static relations/constraints automatically in order to enhance planning domain models. The ASCoL method has wider applications. Combined with LOCM, ASCoL can be a useful tool to produce benchmark domains for automated planning engines. It is also useful as a debugging tool for improving existing domain models. We have evaluated ASCoL on fifteen different IPC domains and on different types of goal-oriented and random-walk plans as input training data and it has been shown to be effective

La géosimulation orientée agent : un support pour la planification dans le monde réel

La planification devient complexe quand il s’agit de gérer des situations incertaines. Prédire de façon précise est une tâche fastidieuse pour les planificateurs humains. L’approche Simulation-Based Planning consiste à associer la planification à la simulation. Chaque plan généré est simulé afin d’être testé et évalué. Le plan le plus approprié est alors retenu. Cependant, le problème est encore plus complexe lorsque viennent s’ajouter des contraintes spatiales. Par exemple, lors d’un feu de forêt, des bulldozers doivent construire une ligne d’arrêt pour arrêter la propagation des feux. Ils doivent alors tenir compte non seulement de l’avancée des feux mais aussi des caractéristiques du terrain afin de pouvoir avancer plus facilement. Nous proposons une approche de géosimulation basée sur les agents et qui a pour but d’assister la planification dans un espace réel, à large échelle géographique et surtout à forte composante spatiale. Un feu de forêt est un problème typique nécessitant une planification dans un monde réel incertain et soumis à de fortes contraintes spatiales. Nous illustrons donc notre approche (nommée ENCASMA) sur le problème des feux de forêts. L’approche consiste à établir un parallélisme entre l’Environnement Réel ER (p.ex. une forêt incendiée) et un Environnement de Simulation ES (p.ex. une reproduction virtuelle de la forêt incendiée). Pour garantir un niveau acceptable de réalisme, les données spatiales utilisées dans l’ES doivent absolument provenir d’un SIG (Système d’information Géographique). Les planificateurs réels comme les pompiers ou les bulldozers sont simulés par des agents logiciels qui raisonnent sur l’espace modélisé par l’ES. Pour une meilleure sensibilité spatiale (pour tenir compte de toutes les contraintes du terrain), les agents logiciels sont dotés de capacités avancées telles que la perception. En utilisant une approche par géosimulation multiagent, nous pouvons générer une simulation réaliste du plan à exécuter. Les décideurs humains peuvent visualiser les conséquences probables de l’exécution de ce plan. Ils peuvent ainsi évaluer le plan et éventuellement l’ajuster avant son exécution effective (sur le terrain). Quand le plan est en cours d’exécution, et afin de garantir la cohérence des données entre l’ER et l’ES, nous gardons trace sur l’ES des positions (sur l’ER) des planificateurs réels (en utilisant les technologies du positionnement géoréférencé). Nous relançons la planification du reste du plan à partir de la position courante de planificateur réel, et ce de façon périodique. Ceci est fait dans le but d’anticiper tout problème qui pourrait survenir à cause de l’aspect dynamique de l’ER. Nous améliorons ainsi le processus classique de l’approche DCP (Distributed Continual Planning). Enfin, les agents de l’ES doivent replanifier aussitôt qu’un événement imprévu est rapporté. Étant donné que les plans générés dans le cas étudié (feux de forêts) sont essentiellement des chemins, nous proposons également une approche basée sur la géosimulation orientée agent pour résoudre des problèmes particuliers de Pathfinding (recherche de chemin). De plus, notre approche souligne les avantages qu’apporte la géosimulation orientée agent à la collaboration entre agents humains et agents logiciels. Plus précisément, elle démontre : • Comment la cognition spatiale des agents logiciels sensibles à l’espace peut être complémentaire avec la cognition spatiale des planificateurs humains. • Comment la géosimulation orientée agent peut complémenter les capacités humaines de planification lors de la résolution de problèmes complexes. Finalement, pour appliquer notre approche au cas des feux de forêts, nous avons utilisé MAGS comme plate-forme de géosimulation et Prometheus comme simulateur du feu. Les principales contributions de cette thèse sont : 1. Une architecture (ENCASMA) originale pour la conception et l’implémentation d’applications (typiquement des applications de lutte contre les désastres naturels) dans un espace géographique réel à grande échelle et dynamique. 2. Une approche basée sur les agents logiciels pour des problèmes de Pathfinding (recherche de chemin) particuliers (dans un environnement réel et à forte composante spatiale, soumis à des contraintes qualitatives). 3. Une amélioration de l’approche de planification DCP (plus particulièrement le processus de continuité) afin de remédier à certaines limites de la DCP classique. 4. Une solution pratique pour un problème réel et complexe : la lutte contre les feux de forêts. Cette nouvelle solution permet aux experts du domaine de mieux planifier d’avance les actions de lutte et aussi de surveiller l’exécution du plan en temps réel.Planning becomes complex when addressing uncertain situations. Accurate predictions remain a hard task for human planners. The Simulation-Based Planning approach consists in associating planning and simulation. Each generated plan is simulated in order to be tested and evaluated. The most appropriate plan is kept. The problem is even more complex when considering spatial constraints. For example, when fighting a wildfire, dozers build a firebreak to stop fire propagation. They have to take into account not only the fire spread but also the terrain characteristics in order to move easily. We propose an agent-based geosimulation approach to assist such planners with planning under strong spatial constraints in a real large-scale space. Forest fire fighting is a typical problem involving planning within an uncertain real world under strong spatial constraints. We use this case to illustrate our approach (ENCASM). The approach consists in drawing a parallel between the Real Environment RE (i.e. a forest in fire) and the Simulated Environment SE (i.e. a virtual reproduction of the forest). Spatial data within the SE should absolutely come from a GIS (Geographic Information System) for more realism. Real planners such as firefighters or dozers are simulated using software agents which reason about the space of the SE. To achieve a sufficient spatial awareness (taking into account all terrain’s features), agents have advanced capabilities such as perception. Using a multiagent geosimulation approach, we can generate a realistic simulation of the plan so that human decision makers can visualize the probable consequences of its execution. They can thus evaluate the plan and adjust it before it can effectively be executed. When the plan is in progress and in order to maintain coherence between RE and SE, we keep track in the SE of the real planners’ positions in the RE (using georeferencing technologies). We periodically replan the rest of the plan starting from the current position of the real planner. This is done in order to anticipate any problem which could occur due to the dynamism of the RE. We thus enhance the process of the classical Distributed Continual Planning DCP. Finally, the agents must replan as soon as an unexpected event is reported by planners within the RE. Since plans in the studied case (forest fires) are mainly paths, we propose a new approach based on agent geosimulation to solve particular Pathfinding problems. Besides, our approach highlights the benefits of the agent-based geo-simulation to the collaboration of both humans and agents. It thus shows: • How spatial cognitions of both spatially aware agents and human planners can be complementary. • How agent-based geo-simulation can complement human planning skills when addressing complex problems. Finally, when applying our approach on firefighting, we use MAGS as a simulation platform and Prometheus as a fire simulator. The main contributions of this thesis are: 1. An original architecture (ENCASMA) for the design and the implementation of applications (typically, natural disasters applications) in real, dynamic and large-scale geographic spaces. 2. An agent-based approach for particular Pathfinding problems (within real and spatially constrained environments and under qualitative constraints). 3. An enhancement of the DCP (particularly, the continual process) approach in order to overcome some limits of the classical DCP. 4. A practical solution for a real and complex problem: wildfires fighting. This new solution aims to assist experts when planning firefighting actions and monitoring the execution of these plans

Modelo de planificación y ejecución concurrente para la composición de servicios web semánticos en entornos parcialmente observables

Los servicios Web (SW) son componentes de software que pueden ser expuestos sobre Internet e invocados a través de protocolos estándar. Incorporar semánticas a los SW, tiene como objetivo describir los aspectos semánticos, además de los sintácticos de los propios servicios. Tales descripciones permiten a los componentes de software interactuar automáticamente a fin de lograr determinadas tareas sobre los servicios, entre las que se destaca la composición de servicios en servicios más complejos. Grandes esfuerzos se realizan en este campo de la composición, pero a pesar de lo exitosas que puedan ser las aproximaciones planteadas a la fecha, aún se caracterizan por no enfrentar conjuntamente algunos factores inherentes a la Web: el ser un entorno parcialmente observable, el comportamiento incierto de los servicios y las restricciones de tiempo en las respuestas de composición. Un promisorio enfoque orientado a este fin, es el liderado por la comunidad de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA), la cual enfrenta la composición de servicios Web mediante la aplicación de técnicas de planificación IA. Es así como en este trabajo de tesis de doctorado, se propone un modelo que permita llevar a cabo la composición automática de Servicios Web Semánticos (SWS), integrando concurrentemente procesos de planificación y ejecución con restricciones de tiempo. De esta forma, se adquiere progresivamente solo la información esencialmente requerida del estado actual de la Web limitando la respuesta (un plan de composición), a un período de tiempo especificado, superando conjuntamente, dificultades propias del dominio del problema como las antes mencionadas. / Abstract. Web Services (WS) can be defined as software components that can be exposed and called on the Internet using standard communication protocols. To include semantic mechanisms in WS is aim at describing semantics aspects of the services as well as syntactic ones. Such kinds of descriptions allow software components automatically interact in order to achieve certain tasks applied on services, among which, it should be highlighted the composition of services to obtain more complex services. Great efforts have already being made within the WS composition field, but in spite of those successful approaches that can be raised to date; they are still characterized for being unaware of some key issues inherent to the Web: the fact to be a partially observable environment, the services’ uncertain behavior, and time constraints related to WS composition responses. A promising approach aimed at this purpose is headed by the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community that faces the WS composition based on the application of AI planning techniques. Thus, in this doctoral thesis dissertation, a model to perform the automatic composition of Semantic Web Services (SWS) is proposed which concurrently integrates AI planning and execution processes under time constraints. In this way, this model gradually acquires only the required essential information of the Web’s current state, and restricts the response (a composition plan) to a given time period, overcoming together, those difficulties inherent to the problem domain as mentioned above.Maestrí