Intelligent processing of experimental data in ISES remote laboratory

The paper deals with the design of the intelligent processing of experimental data measured in the remote laboratories, where the measurements are performed by connected clients via the finite-state machine residing at an advanced server. As physical hardware and software is used the Internet School Experimental System (ISES). This platform is intended for educational purposes at schools and universities to provide the suitable measuring environment for students using computers. It is especially suitable for distance students who cannot attend regular courses during their studies of physics, chemistry or electro-engineering. At present, the remote laboratory does not have any data processing technique. This results in excessive demands on storing capacity. The suggested solution solves this drawback by processing and archiving techniques to store measured data after their organizing in predetermined structures and concomitant data volume reduction. The paper is organized in the following manner. In the first section, Introduction, the ISES remote laboratory concept is introduced, following, State of the art, describing present stage of its ISES physical hardware development. The description of ISES physical software is concentrated at the Measureserver core unit realized as the finite-state machine. The next section deals with the design and implementation of the intelligent data processing component, which is focused on the extracting, filtering and archiving of measured data coming from the Measureserver unit communicating with a physical experiment. Finally, all the functional benefits are summarized for interested, who are involved in the remote experiments construction

Real remote experiment with embedded synchronized simulation "Remote Wave Laboratory"

The paper describes a new remote experiment in REMLABNET as "Remote Wave Laboratory" constructed on the ISES (Internet School Experimental System). The remote experiment contributes to understanding of concepts of harmonic waves, their parameters (amplitude, frequency and period, and phase velocity) and dependence of the instantaneous phase on time and path covered. Also it serves for the measurements and understanding of the concept of the phase sensitive interference and the superposition of parallel/ perpendicular waves.IZ74Z0_160454, SNF, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; SNF, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) "SCOPES" [IZ74Z0_160454]; Tomas Bata University in Zlin [IGA/FAI/2017

Modelling of the simple pendulum experiment

A Abstract - work focuses on the design of the simulation embedded in remote experiment "Simple pendulum" built on the Internet School Experimental System (ISES). This platform is intended for wide educational purposes at schools and universities in order to provide the suitable measuring environment for students using conventional computing resources Informatics.Grant of the Internal Agency of UTB [IGA/2016/]; Slovak Research and Development Agency [APVV-0096-11]; Scientific Grant Agency VEGA [2/0157/12]; KEGA Agency [011TTU-4/2012, 020TTU-4/2013

Motion study in interactive remote experiments with data collection and transfer across internet

Within the strategy of Integrated e-Learning (INTe-L) we set up several remote interactive mechanics experiments across the Internet studying the linear and curvilinear motion For the purpose, we use the measuring hardware and software -Intelligent School Experimental System (ISES) with sensing units for data collection, recording and evaluation and the software ISES WEB CONTROL kit for establishing the server-client connection. As the first experiment we devised and constructed a new and sophisticated experiment free fall, based on the motion of the permanent magnet in a glass tube with induction pick up coils for position measurement (http://remotelab4.truni.sk) To transform the hands-on experiment into a remote one, we have had to move the magnets to their starting position by the magnetic vessel, surrounding the tube. Second experiment, the mathematical pendulum remote experiment (http://remotelab5.truni.sk) was created with a unique reconstruction of its instantaneous angle of deflection using two force-sensing elements and an on-line exploited algorithm (ISES supported) for the angle of deflection on line display

Earth observations and global change decision making: A special bibliography, 1991

The first section of the bibliography contains 294 bibliographic citations and abstracts of relevant reports, articles, and documents announced in 'Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR)' and 'International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA)'. These abstracts are categorized by the following major subject divisions: aeronautics, astronautics, chemistry and materials, engineering, geosciences, life sciences, mathematical and computer sciences, physics, social sciences, space sciences and general. Following the abstract section, seven indexes are provided for further assistance

개별 이온 및 작물 생육 센싱 기반의 정밀 수경재배 양액 관리 시스템

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 바이오시스템·소재학부(바이오시스템공학), 2020. 8. 김학진.In current closed hydroponics, the nutrient solution monitoring and replenishment are conducted based on the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, and the fertigation is carried out with the constant time without considering the plant status. However, the EC-based management is unable to detect the dynamic changes in the individual nutrient ion concentrations so the ion imbalance occurs during the iterative replenishment, thereby leading to the frequent discard of the nutrient solution. The constant time-based fertigation inevitably induces over- or under-supply of the nutrient solution for the growing plants. The approaches are two of the main causes of decreasing water and nutrient use efficiencies in closed hydroponics. Regarding the issues, the precision nutrient solution management that variably controls the fertigation volume and corrects the deficient nutrient ions individually would allow both improved efficiencies of fertilizer and water use and increased lifespan of the nutrient solution. The objectives of this study were to establish the precision nutrient solution management system that can automatically and variably control the fertigation volume based on the plant-growth information and supply the individual nutrient fertilizers in appropriate amounts to reach the optimal compositions as nutrient solutions for growing plants. To achieve the goal, the sensing technologies for the varying requirements of water and nutrients were investigated and validated. Firstly, an on-the-go monitoring system was constructed to monitor the lettuces grown under the closed hydroponics based on the nutrient film technique for the entire bed. The region of the lettuces was segmented by the excess green (ExG) and Otsu method to obtain the canopy cover (CC). The feasibility of the image processing for assessing the canopy (CC) was validated by comparing the computed CC values with the manually analyzed CC values. From the validation, it was confirmed the image monitoring and processing for the CC measurements were feasible for the lettuces before harvest. Then, a transpiration rate model using the modified Penman-Monteith equation was fitted based on the obtained CC, radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity to estimate the water need of the growing lettuces. Regarding the individual ion concentration measurements, two-point normalization, artificial neural network, and a hybrid signal processing consisting of the two-point normalization and artificial neural network were compared to select an effective method for the ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) application in continuous and autonomous monitoring of ions in hydroponic solutions. The hybrid signal processing showed the most accuracy in sample measurements, but the vulnerability to the sensor malfunction made the two-point normalization method with the most precision would be appropriate for the long-term monitoring of the nutrient solution. In order to determine the optimal injection amounts of the fertilizer salts and water for the given target individual ion concentrations, a decision tree-based dosing algorithm was designed. The feasibility of the dosing algorithm was validated with the stepwise and varying target focusing replenishments. From the results, the ion-specific replenishments formulated the compositions of the nutrient solution successfully according to the given target values. Finally, the proposed sensing and control techniques were integrated to implement the precision nutrient solution management, and the performance was verified by a closed lettuce cultivation test. From the application test, the fertigation volume was reduced by 57.4% and the growth of the lettuces was promoted in comparison with the constant timer-based fertigation strategy. Furthermore, the system successfully maintained the nutrient balance in the recycled solution during the cultivation with the coefficients of variance of 4.9%, 1.4%, 3.2%, 5.2%, and 14.9%, which were generally less than the EC-based replenishment with the CVs of 6.9%, 4.9%, 23.7%, 8.6%, and 8.3% for the NO3, K, Ca, Mg, and P concentrations, respectively. These results implied the developed precision nutrient solution management system could provide more efficient supply and management of water and nutrients than the conventional methods, thereby allowing more improved water and nutrient use efficiencies and crop productivity.현재의 순환식 수경재배 시스템에서 양액의 분석과 보충은 전기전도도 (EC, electrical conductivity) 및 pH를 기반으로 수행되고 있으며, 양액의 공급은 작물의 생육 상태에 대한 고려 없이 항상 일정한 시간 동안 펌프가 동작하여 공급되는 형태이다. 그러나 EC 기반의 양액 관리는 개별 이온 농도의 동적인 변화를 감지할 수 없어 반복되는 보충 중 불균형이 발생하게 되어 양액의 폐기를 야기하며, 고정된 시간 동안의 양액 공급은 작물에 대해 과잉 또는 불충분한 물 공급으로 이어져 물 사용 효율의 저하를 일으킨다. 이러한 문제들에 대해, 개별 이온 농도에 대해 부족한 성분만을 선택적으로 보충하고, 작물의 생육 정도에 기반하여 필요한 수준에 맞게 양액을 공급하는 정밀 농업에 기반한 양액 관리를 수행하면 물과 비료 사용 효율의 향상과 양액의 재사용 기간 증진을 기대할 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 자동으로, 그리고 가변적으로 작물 생육 정보에 기반하여 양액 공급량을 제어하고, 작물 생장에 적합한 조성에 맞게 현재 양액의 이온 농도 센싱에 기반하여 적절한 수준만큼의 물과 개별 양분 비료를 보충할 수 있는 정밀 수경재배 양액 관리 시스템을 개발하는 것이다. 해당 목표를 달성하기 위해, 변이하는 물과 양분 요구량을 측정할 수 있는 모니터링 기술들을 분석하고 각 모니터링 기술들에 대한 검증을 수행하였다. 먼저, 작물의 물 요구량을 실시간으로 관측할 수 있는 영상 기반 측정 기술을 조사하였다. 영상 기반 분석 활용을 위해 박막경 기반의 순환식 수경재배 환경에서 자라는 상추의 이미지들을 전체 베드에 대해 수집할 수 있는 영상 모니터링 시스템을 구성하였고, 수집한 영상 중 상추 부분만을 excess green (ExG)과 Otsu 방법을 통해 분리하여 투영작물면적 (CC, canopy cover)을 획득하였다. 영상 처리 기술의 적용성 평가를 위해 직접 분석한 투영작물면적 값과 이를 비교하였다. 비교 검증 결과에서 투영작물면적 측정을 위한 영상 수집 및 분석이 수확 전까지의 상추에 대해 적용 가능함을 확인하였다. 이후 수집한 투영작물면적과 기온, 상대습도, 일사량을 기반으로 생육 중인 상추들이 요구하는 물의 양을 예측하기 위해 Penman-Monteith 방정식 기반의 증산량 예측 모델을 구성하였으며 실제 증산량과 비교하였을 때 높은 일치도를 확인하였다. 개별 이온 농도 측정과 관련하여서는, 이온선택성전극 (ISE, ion-selective electrode)를 이용한 수경재배 양액 내 이온의 연속적이고 자율적인 모니터링 수행을 위해 2점 정규화, 인공신경망, 그리고 이 둘을 복합적으로 구성한 하이브리드 신호 처리 기법의 성능을 비교하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 하이브리드 신호 처리 방식이 가장 높은 정확성을 보였으나, 센서 고장에 취약한 신경망 구조로 인해 장기간 모니터링 안정성에 있어서는 가장 높은 정밀도를 가진 2점 정규화 방식을 센서 어레이에 적용하는 것이 적합할 것으로 판단하였다. 또한, 주어진 개별 이온 농도 목표값에 맞는 비료 염 및 물의 최적 주입량을 결정하기 위해 의사결정트리 구조의 비료 투입 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 제시한 비료 투입 알고리즘의 효과에 대해서는 순차적인 목표에 대한 보충 및 특정 성분에 대해 집중적인 변화를 부여한 보충 수행 실험을 통해 검증하였으며, 그 결과 제시한 알고리즘은 주어진 목표값들에 따라 성공적으로 양액을 조성하였음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 제시되었던 센싱 및 제어 기술들을 통합하여 NFT 기반의 순환식 수경재배 배드에 상추 재배를 수행하여 실증하였다. 실증 실험에서, 종래의 고정 시간 양액 공급 대비 57.4%의 양액 공급량 감소와 상추 생육의 촉진을 확인하였다. 동시에, 개발 시스템은 NO3, K, Ca, Mg, 그리고 P에 대해 각각 4.9%, 1.4%, 3.2%, 5.2%, 그리고 14.9% 수준의 변동계수 수준을 보여 EC기반 보충 방식에서 나타난 변동계수 6.9%, 4.9%, 23.7%, 8.6%, 그리고 8.3%보다 대체적으로 우수한 이온 균형 유지 성능을 보였다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 개발 정밀 관비 시스템이 기존보다 효율적인 양액의 공급과 관리를 통해 양액 이용 효율성과 생산성의 증진에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 1 Nutrient Imbalance 2 Fertigation Scheduling 3 OBJECTIVES 7 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION 8 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 VARIABILITY OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS IN HYDROPONICS 10 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT IN CLOSED HYDROPONIC SYSTEM 11 ION-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT IN CLOSED HYDROPONICS 13 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT MONITORING 17 FERTIGATION CONTROL METHODS BASED ON REMOTE SENSING 19 CHAPTER 3. ON-THE-GO CROP MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ESTIMATION OF THE CROP WATER NEED 21 ABSTRACT 21 INTRODUCTION 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 Hydroponic Growth Chamber 23 Construction of an On-the-go Crop Monitoring System 25 Image Processing for Canopy Cover Estimation 29 Evaluation of the CC Calculation Performance 32 Estimation Model for Transpiration Rate 32 Determination of the Parameters of the Transpiration Rate Model 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 Performance of the CC Measurement by the Image Monitoring System 35 Plant Growth Monitoring in Closed Hydroponics 39 Evaluation of the Crop Water Need Estimation 42 CONCLUSIONS 46 CHAPTER 4. HYBRID SIGNAL-PROCESSING METHOD BASED ON NEURAL NETWORK FOR PREDICTION OF NO3, K, CA, AND MG IONS IN HYDROPONIC SOLUTIONS USING AN ARRAY OF ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 48 ABSTRACT 48 INTRODUCTION 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 Preparation of the Sensor Array 52 Construction and Evaluation of Data-Processing Methods 53 Preparation of Samples 57 Procedure of Sample Measurements 59 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63 Determination of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Structure 63 Evaluation of the Processing Methods in Training Samples 64 Application of the Processing Methods in Real Hydroponic Samples 67 CONCLUSIONS 72 CHAPTER 5. DECISION TREE-BASED ION-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM FOR CLOSED HYDROPONICS 74 ABSTRACT 74 INTRODUCTION 75 MATERIALS AND METHODS 77 Decision Tree-based Dosing Algorithm 77 Development of an Ion-Specific Nutrient Management System 82 Implementation of Ion-Specific Nutrient Management with Closed-Loop Control 87 System Validation Tests 89 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 91 Five-stepwise Replenishment Test 91 Replenishment Test Focused on The Ca 97 CONCLUSIONS 99 CHAPTER 6. ION-SPECIFIC AND CROP GROWTH SENSING BASED NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CLOSED HYDROPONICS 101 ABSTRACT 101 INTRODUCTION 102 MATERIALS AND METHODS 103 System Integration 103 Implementation of the Precision Nutrient Solution Management System 106 Application of the Precision Nutrient Solution Management System to Closed Lettuce Soilless Cultivation 112 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 113 Evaluation of the Plant Growth-based Fertigation in the Closed Lettuce Cultivation 113 Evaluation of the Ion-Specific Management in the Closed Lettuce Cultivation 118 CONCLUSIONS 128 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS 130 CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY 130 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY 134 LIST OF REFERENCES 136 APPENDIX 146 A1. Python Code for Controlling the Image Monitoring and CC Calculation 146 A2. Ion Concentrations of the Solutions used in Chapter 4 (Unit: mg∙L−1) 149 A3. Block Diagrams of the LabVIEW Program used in Chapter 4 150 A4. Ion Concentrations of the Solutions used in Chapters 5 and 6 (Unit: mg∙L−1) 154 A5. Block Diagrams of the LabVIEW Program used in the Chapters 5 and 6 155 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 160Docto

Remote Experiments in Freshman Engineering Education by Integrated e-Learning

Information communication technologies (ICT) have made it possible to introduce Integrated e-Learning (INTe-L) as a new strategy for teaching physics in engineering education. It is based on the methods that the sciences use for the cognition of the real world. INTe-L utilizes the e-laboratory which consists of remote experiments, e-simulations, and e-textbooks. Its main features include observations of real world phenomena, possibly materialized in data and their evaluation, the search for relevant information, its classification and storing. Only then come the explanation and the mathematical formalism of generalized laws and their consequences. Essential to this method is the active part the student must take in the learning process: in lessons, seminars, and laboratory exercises, but also his/her substantially increased activity in form of projects, search for information, presentations, et cetera. In this chapter, we present the outlines of the remote laboratory integrated in the INTe-L system, using the Internet School Experimental System (ISES) as hardware and an ISES WEB Control kit as software. We suggest an architecture for implementing remote laboratories, with data transfer across the Internet, based on standard and reusable ISES modules as hardware and Java supported ISES software. The Learning Management System (LMS) MOODLE turns out to be a highly effective means of organization of physics courses. The first experience on teaching units Free fall (http://remotelab4.truni.sk), Simple Pendulum (http://remotelab5.truni.sk), and Natural and driven oscillations (www.ises.info – see Remote laboratory) is presented.

Communication and diagnostic interfaces in remote laboratory management systems

There are many Remote laboratories (RLs) in the world which are created mainly by schools or some organizations. But the trend suggests that in the future all of these laboratories will be merged into large grids which will be administered by Remote Laboratory Management Systems (RLMS). Such systems are composed from many parts which communicate with each other. This communication can be crucial for correct functioning of whole system. The paper intends to contribute to the standardized solutions in communication schemes of RLMSs. Each part of RLMS is described in terms of communication requirements. The largest volume of data is transmitted through the Internet. The security of this communication channel based on TCP/IP protocol is described in detail. The last part of paper describes the proposal and creation of data communication and diagnostic interface for individual remote experiments included in RLMS

Security of ISES measureserver® module for remote experiments against malign attacks

This paper focuses on the security of the remote laboratories formed by remote experiments against malign attacks. Surprisingly, in spite of the fact the remote laboratories have been existing for at least three decades but virtually no attention has been devoted to this vital subject. Various malign attacks are analyzed in detail related to the Measureserver® module, which is the basic unit of the ISES (Internet School Experimental System) remote experiments accessed by clients via web pages. Such the laboratories are sometimes called e-laboratories. In the introduction a state of the art, basic features and principles are described. The following chapter analyses general security risks of remote laboratories for their software, hardware and specific risks. Next, possible malicious attacks are determined which could affect the Measureserver module. Finally, the suggestions for adequate security software and hardware solutions are outlined to prevent such attacks

Optimization of the cloud for setup of hardware of remote laboratories

Few years ago, we built our own virtualized cloud for REMLABNET and we still are taking benefits of this decision. This item handles with using Cloud computing platform for providing Remote laboratories. This work shows, how it is possible to save money if we use centralized system for more consumers. Every consumer can use access to centralized portal in the Cloud computing from Consortium REMLABNET. Every item is focused on environments of universities, where this cloud is existing and this is what we want to use for remote labs. This is item from practice knowledge and experiences about system function and managing virtual platform and next constuction and optimization this proposal. © 2020. All rights reserved.Trnava in Trnava [22/TU/2020