2 research outputs found

    ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ƒ์œก ์„ผ์‹ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์–‘์•ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์‹œ์Šคํ…œยท์†Œ์žฌํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™), 2020. 8. ๊น€ํ•™์ง„.In current closed hydroponics, the nutrient solution monitoring and replenishment are conducted based on the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, and the fertigation is carried out with the constant time without considering the plant status. However, the EC-based management is unable to detect the dynamic changes in the individual nutrient ion concentrations so the ion imbalance occurs during the iterative replenishment, thereby leading to the frequent discard of the nutrient solution. The constant time-based fertigation inevitably induces over- or under-supply of the nutrient solution for the growing plants. The approaches are two of the main causes of decreasing water and nutrient use efficiencies in closed hydroponics. Regarding the issues, the precision nutrient solution management that variably controls the fertigation volume and corrects the deficient nutrient ions individually would allow both improved efficiencies of fertilizer and water use and increased lifespan of the nutrient solution. The objectives of this study were to establish the precision nutrient solution management system that can automatically and variably control the fertigation volume based on the plant-growth information and supply the individual nutrient fertilizers in appropriate amounts to reach the optimal compositions as nutrient solutions for growing plants. To achieve the goal, the sensing technologies for the varying requirements of water and nutrients were investigated and validated. Firstly, an on-the-go monitoring system was constructed to monitor the lettuces grown under the closed hydroponics based on the nutrient film technique for the entire bed. The region of the lettuces was segmented by the excess green (ExG) and Otsu method to obtain the canopy cover (CC). The feasibility of the image processing for assessing the canopy (CC) was validated by comparing the computed CC values with the manually analyzed CC values. From the validation, it was confirmed the image monitoring and processing for the CC measurements were feasible for the lettuces before harvest. Then, a transpiration rate model using the modified Penman-Monteith equation was fitted based on the obtained CC, radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity to estimate the water need of the growing lettuces. Regarding the individual ion concentration measurements, two-point normalization, artificial neural network, and a hybrid signal processing consisting of the two-point normalization and artificial neural network were compared to select an effective method for the ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) application in continuous and autonomous monitoring of ions in hydroponic solutions. The hybrid signal processing showed the most accuracy in sample measurements, but the vulnerability to the sensor malfunction made the two-point normalization method with the most precision would be appropriate for the long-term monitoring of the nutrient solution. In order to determine the optimal injection amounts of the fertilizer salts and water for the given target individual ion concentrations, a decision tree-based dosing algorithm was designed. The feasibility of the dosing algorithm was validated with the stepwise and varying target focusing replenishments. From the results, the ion-specific replenishments formulated the compositions of the nutrient solution successfully according to the given target values. Finally, the proposed sensing and control techniques were integrated to implement the precision nutrient solution management, and the performance was verified by a closed lettuce cultivation test. From the application test, the fertigation volume was reduced by 57.4% and the growth of the lettuces was promoted in comparison with the constant timer-based fertigation strategy. Furthermore, the system successfully maintained the nutrient balance in the recycled solution during the cultivation with the coefficients of variance of 4.9%, 1.4%, 3.2%, 5.2%, and 14.9%, which were generally less than the EC-based replenishment with the CVs of 6.9%, 4.9%, 23.7%, 8.6%, and 8.3% for the NO3, K, Ca, Mg, and P concentrations, respectively. These results implied the developed precision nutrient solution management system could provide more efficient supply and management of water and nutrients than the conventional methods, thereby allowing more improved water and nutrient use efficiencies and crop productivity.ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์–‘์•ก์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋ณด์ถฉ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๋„ (EC, electrical conductivity) ๋ฐ pH๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘์•ก์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์œก ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์—†์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํŽŒํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ EC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์–‘์•ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„์˜ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ถฉ ์ค‘ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์–‘์•ก์˜ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์–‘์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์œก ์ •๋„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์–‘์•ก์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€ ๋†์—…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์–‘์•ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์–‘์•ก์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ƒ์œก ์ •๋ณด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์–‘์•ก์˜ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„ ์„ผ์‹ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋งŒํผ์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์–‘๋ถ„ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์–‘์•ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ณ€์ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์–‘๋ถ„ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฌผ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ถ”์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฒ ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ์ค‘ ์ƒ์ถ” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ excess green (ExG)๊ณผ Otsu ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์˜์ž‘๋ฌผ๋ฉด์  (CC, canopy cover)์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํˆฌ์˜์ž‘๋ฌผ๋ฉด์  ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ํˆฌ์˜์ž‘๋ฌผ๋ฉด์  ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ™• ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์ถ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ํˆฌ์˜์ž‘๋ฌผ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์˜จ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์Šต๋„, ์ผ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์œก ์ค‘์ธ ์ƒ์ถ”๋“ค์ด ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Penman-Monteith ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฆ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋†’์€ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š”, ์ด์˜จ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ์ „๊ทน (ISE, ion-selective electrode)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์–‘์•ก ๋‚ด ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2์  ์ •๊ทœํ™”, ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‘˜์„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์„ผ์„œ ๊ณ ์žฅ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 2์  ์ •๊ทœํ™” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ผ์„œ ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋น„๋ฃŒ ์—ผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ตœ์  ์ฃผ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ํˆฌ์ž… ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ํˆฌ์ž… ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ถฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ • ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์•ก์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ผ์‹ฑ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ NFT ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฐ๋“œ์— ์ƒ์ถ” ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ, ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์–‘์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ 57.4%์˜ ์–‘์•ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ƒ์ถ” ์ƒ์œก์˜ ์ด‰์ง„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์—, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ NO3, K, Ca, Mg, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  P์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4.9%, 1.4%, 3.2%, 5.2%, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  14.9% ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ EC๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 6.9%, 4.9%, 23.7%, 8.6%, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  8.3%๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ด์˜จ ๊ท ํ˜• ์œ ์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ •๋ฐ€ ๊ด€๋น„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์–‘์•ก์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘์•ก ์ด์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ์ง„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 1 Nutrient Imbalance 2 Fertigation Scheduling 3 OBJECTIVES 7 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION 8 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 VARIABILITY OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS IN HYDROPONICS 10 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT IN CLOSED HYDROPONIC SYSTEM 11 ION-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT IN CLOSED HYDROPONICS 13 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT MONITORING 17 FERTIGATION CONTROL METHODS BASED ON REMOTE SENSING 19 CHAPTER 3. ON-THE-GO CROP MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ESTIMATION OF THE CROP WATER NEED 21 ABSTRACT 21 INTRODUCTION 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 Hydroponic Growth Chamber 23 Construction of an On-the-go Crop Monitoring System 25 Image Processing for Canopy Cover Estimation 29 Evaluation of the CC Calculation Performance 32 Estimation Model for Transpiration Rate 32 Determination of the Parameters of the Transpiration Rate Model 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 Performance of the CC Measurement by the Image Monitoring System 35 Plant Growth Monitoring in Closed Hydroponics 39 Evaluation of the Crop Water Need Estimation 42 CONCLUSIONS 46 CHAPTER 4. HYBRID SIGNAL-PROCESSING METHOD BASED ON NEURAL NETWORK FOR PREDICTION OF NO3, K, CA, AND MG IONS IN HYDROPONIC SOLUTIONS USING AN ARRAY OF ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 48 ABSTRACT 48 INTRODUCTION 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 Preparation of the Sensor Array 52 Construction and Evaluation of Data-Processing Methods 53 Preparation of Samples 57 Procedure of Sample Measurements 59 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63 Determination of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Structure 63 Evaluation of the Processing Methods in Training Samples 64 Application of the Processing Methods in Real Hydroponic Samples 67 CONCLUSIONS 72 CHAPTER 5. DECISION TREE-BASED ION-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM FOR CLOSED HYDROPONICS 74 ABSTRACT 74 INTRODUCTION 75 MATERIALS AND METHODS 77 Decision Tree-based Dosing Algorithm 77 Development of an Ion-Specific Nutrient Management System 82 Implementation of Ion-Specific Nutrient Management with Closed-Loop Control 87 System Validation Tests 89 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 91 Five-stepwise Replenishment Test 91 Replenishment Test Focused on The Ca 97 CONCLUSIONS 99 CHAPTER 6. ION-SPECIFIC AND CROP GROWTH SENSING BASED NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CLOSED HYDROPONICS 101 ABSTRACT 101 INTRODUCTION 102 MATERIALS AND METHODS 103 System Integration 103 Implementation of the Precision Nutrient Solution Management System 106 Application of the Precision Nutrient Solution Management System to Closed Lettuce Soilless Cultivation 112 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 113 Evaluation of the Plant Growth-based Fertigation in the Closed Lettuce Cultivation 113 Evaluation of the Ion-Specific Management in the Closed Lettuce Cultivation 118 CONCLUSIONS 128 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS 130 CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY 130 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY 134 LIST OF REFERENCES 136 APPENDIX 146 A1. Python Code for Controlling the Image Monitoring and CC Calculation 146 A2. Ion Concentrations of the Solutions used in Chapter 4 (Unit: mgโˆ™Lโˆ’1) 149 A3. Block Diagrams of the LabVIEW Program used in Chapter 4 150 A4. Ion Concentrations of the Solutions used in Chapters 5 and 6 (Unit: mgโˆ™Lโˆ’1) 154 A5. Block Diagrams of the LabVIEW Program used in the Chapters 5 and 6 155 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 160Docto

    ๋ง ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ธ์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜๊ณ„ ์ƒ์ฒด์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์‹œ์Šคํ…œยท์†Œ์žฌํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™), 2014. 2. ์ •์ข…ํ›ˆ.์ธ์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์€ ๋ผˆ์™€ ์น˜์•„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ธ์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์น˜๊ณผ์šฉ ์ถฉ์ „์ œ, ๊ณจ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณจ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋“ฑ)์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ธ์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ธ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์ธํšŒ์„ (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)์€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์ฒด ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ์ƒ์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑ, ๊ณจ ์ „๋„์„ฑ, ๊ณจ ์œ ๋„์„ฑ, ๋ฌด๋…์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ผ์ง€๋ผˆ, ์†Œ๋ผˆ, ์ƒ์„  ๋น„๋Š˜, ์ƒ์„ ๋ผˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ HA ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ง๋ผˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ œ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์ธํšŒ์„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ธ์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์ •์€ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ผ์ง€๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณต์ • (48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„ 16์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 1200 โ„ƒ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ)์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ผˆ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์ธ์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ผˆ์˜ ์กฐ์ง ์œ ํ˜• (์ฆ‰, ๊ฒฝ๊ณจ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ณจ), ๋ผˆ ์œ ํ˜• (์ฆ‰, ์ฒ™์ถ”์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ณจ), ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (๋ƒ‰์ˆ˜, ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ˆ˜, ์˜จ์ˆ˜), ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋” ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ตœ์ข…์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ถ„๋งํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šต์‹ ๋ถ„์‡„ (๋ณผ ๋ฐ€) ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์‹ ๋ถ„์‡„ (์นผ๋‚  ๋ถ„์‡„๊ธฐ)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‡„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ๋ง๋ผˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ƒ์ฒด์™ธ ์„ธํฌ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ HA ๋ฐ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋œ ์†Œ๋ผˆ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ (Bio-Oss)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ MC3T3-E1 ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋“ํ•œ ๋ง๋ผˆ ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์—ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• (TGA, X- ์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• (XRD), ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ ์™ธ์„  ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ• (FT -IR), X ์„  ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ• (XRF), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ• (FE-SEM)์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ณจ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 12 ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 600โ„ƒ์— ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ง๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ HA์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด XRD ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1100โ„ƒ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋ง๋ผˆ์™€ 1300โ„ƒ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋ง๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ ๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฆ์‹์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ธ์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ƒ์ฒด์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ์ž์›์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง ๋ผˆ ๋ถ„๋ง์€ ๊ณจ ์กฐ์ง๊ณตํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ํฐ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Contents -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- โ…ณ List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- โ…ถ List of Tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- โ…ธ List of Terms and Abbreviations ---------------------------------------------------------------- โ…น 1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. Objectives ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3. Literature Review -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3.1. Calcium phosphate as bone replacement materials ---------------------------------------- 5 3.2. Hydroxyapatite --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3.3. Advantages of natural HA -------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 3.4. Sintered bone as a source of natural HA ---------------------------------------------------- 8 3.5. Characterization and production process of natural HA --------------------------------- 11 4. Materials and Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 4.1. Preparation of horse bone powders --------------------------------------------------------- 13 4.2. Characteristics according to the types of osseous tissue and bones -------------------- 13 4.3. Characteristics according to the pretreatment methods ---------------------------------- 14 4.4. Characteristics according to the sintering conditions ------------------------------------ 14 4.5. Characterization and physiochemical analysis -------------------------------------------- 15 iv 4.5.1. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) ---------------------------------------------------- 15 4.5.2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 4.5.3. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) ------------------------------------------------ 16 4.5.4. Morphologic observation ------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 4.6. Fine powder production ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 4.7. In vitro test ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 4.7.1. Cell culture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 4.7.2. Cell toxicity test ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 4.7.3. Cell proliferation test ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 4.8. Statistical data analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 5. Results and Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 5.1. Characteristics according to the types of osseous tissue and bone --------------------- 20 5.1.1. FT-IR ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 5.1.2. XRD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 5.1.3. XRF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 5.2. Characteristics according to the pretreatment methods ---------------------------------- 27 5.2.1. FT-IR ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 5.2.2. XRD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27 5.2.3. XRF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 5.3. Sintering conditions -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 5.3.1. Sintering time selection -------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 v 5.3.2. Characteristics according to the sintering temperature -------------------------------- 32 5.4. Grinding methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 5.5. In vitro test ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 5.5.1. Cell toxicity test ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 5.5.2. Cell proliferation test ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 6. Conclusions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 7. References --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 Abstract (Korean) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57Maste
    corecore