Solving Public Transit Scheduling Problems

Operational planning within public transit companies has been extensively tackled but still remains a challenging area for operations research models and techniques. This phase of the planning process comprises vehicle scheduling, crew scheduling and rostering problems. In this paper, a new integer mathematical formulation to describe the integrated vehicle-crew-rostering problem is presented. The method proposed to solve this multi-objective problem is a sequential algorithm considered within a preemptive goal programming framework that starts from the solution of an integrated vehicle and crew scheduling problem and ends with the solution of a driver rostering problem. Feasible solutions for the vehicle and crew scheduling problem are obtained by combining a column generation scheme with a branch-and-bound method. These solutions are the input of the rostering problem, which is tackled through a mixed binary linear programming approach. An application to real data of a Portuguese bus company is reported and shows the importance of integrating the three scheduling problems

Bus driver rostering by hybrid methods based on column generation

Tese de doutoramento, Informática (Engenharia Informática), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018Rostering problems arise in a diversity of areas where, according to the business and labor rules, distinct variants of the problem are obtained with different constraints and objectives considered. The diversity of existing rostering problems, allied with their complexity, justifies the activity of the research community addressing them. The current research on rostering problems is mainly devoted to achieving near-optimal solutions since, most of the times, the time needed to obtain optimal solutions is very high. In this thesis, a Bus Driver Rostering Problem is addressed, to which an integer programming model is adapted from the literature, and a new decomposition model with three distinct subproblems representations is proposed. The main objective of this research is to develop and evaluate a new approach to obtain solutions to the problem in study. The new approach follows the concept of search based on column generation, which consists in using the column generation method to solve problems represented by decomposition models and, after, applying metaheuristics to search for the best combination of subproblem solutions that, when combined, result in a feasible integer solution to the complete problem. Besides the new decomposition models proposed for the Bus Driver Rostering Problem, this thesis proposes the extension of the concept of search by column generation to allow using population-based metaheuristics and presents the implementation of the first metaheuristic using populations, based on the extension, which is an evolutionary algorithm. There are two additional contributions of this thesis. The first is an heuristic allowing to obtain solutions for the subproblems in an individual or aggregated way and the second is a repair operator which can be used by the metaheuristics to repair infeasible solutions and, eventually, generate missing subproblem solutions needed. The thesis includes the description and results from an extensive set of computational tests. Multiple configurations of the column generation with three decomposition models are tested to assess the best configuration to use in the generation of the search space for the metaheuristic. Additional tests compare distinct single-solution metaheuristics and our basic evolutionary algorithm in the search for integer solutions in the search space obtained by the column generation. A final set of tests compares the results of our final algorithm (with the best column generation configuration and the evolutionary algorithm using the repair operator) and the solutions obtained by solving the problem represented by the integer programming model with a commercial solver.Programa de Apoio à Formação Avançada de Docentes do Ensino Superior Politécnico (PROTEC), SFRH/PROTEC/67405/201

Fairness aspects in personnel scheduling

In industries like health care, public transport or call centers a shift-based system ensures permanent availability of employees for covering needed services. The resource allocation problem – assigning employees to shifts – is known as personnel scheduling in literature and often aims at minimizing staffing costs. Working in shifts, though, impacts employees’ private lives which adds to the problem of increasing staff shortage in recent years. Therefore, more and more effort is spent on incorporating fairness into scheduling approaches in order to increase employees’ satisfaction. This paper presents a literature review of approaches for personnel scheduling considering fairness aspects. Since fairness is not a quantitative objective, but can be evaluated from different point of views, a large number of fairness measurements exists in the literature. Furthermore, perspective (group vs individual fairness) or time horizon (short-term vs long-term fairness) are often considered very differently. To conclude, we show that a uniform definition and approach for considering fairness in personnel scheduling is challenging and point out gaps for future research

A stochastic integer programming approach to reserve staff scheduling with preferences

De nos jours, atteindre un niveau élevé de satisfaction des employés à l’intérieur d’horaires efficients est une tâche importante et ardue à laquelle les compagnies font face. Dans ce travail, nous abordons une nouvelle variante du problème de création d’horaire de personnel face à une demande inconnue, en tenant compte de la satisfaction des employés via l’incertitude endogène qui découle de la combinaison des préférences des employés envers les horaires, et de ceux qu’ils reçoivent. Nous abordons ce problème dans le contexte de la création d’horaire d’employés remplaçants, un problème opérationnel de l’industrie du transport en commun qui n’a pas encore été étudié, bien qu’assez présent dans les compagnies nord-américaines. Pour faire face aux défis qu’amènent les deux sources d’incertitude, les absences des employés réguliers et des employés remplaçants, nous modélisons ce problème en un programme stochastique en nombres entiers à deux étapes avec recours mixte en nombres entiers. Les décisions de première étape consistent à trouver les journées de congé des employés remplaçants. Une fois que les absences inconnues des employés réguliers sont révélées, les décisions de deuxième étape consistent à planifier les tâches des employés remplaçants. Nous incorporons les préférences des employés remplaçants envers les journées de congé dans notre modèle pour observer à quel point la satisfaction de ces employés peut affecter leurs propres taux d’absence. Nous validons notre approche sur un an de données de la ville de Los Angeles. Notre travail est présentement en cours d’implémentation chez un fournisseur mondial de solutions logicielles pour les opérations de transport en commun.Nowadays, reaching a high level of employee satisfaction in efficient schedules is an important and difficult task faced by companies. In this work, we tackle a new variant of the personnel scheduling problem under unknown demand by considering employee satisfaction via endogenous uncertainty depending on the combination of their preferred and received schedules. We address this problem in the context of reserve staff scheduling, an operational problem from the transit industry that has not yet been studied, although rather present in North American transit companies. To handle the challenges brought by the two uncertainty sources, regular employee and reserve employee absences, we formulate this problem as a two-stage stochastic integer program with mixed-integer recourse. The first-stage decisions consist in finding the days off of the reserve employees. After the unknown regular employee absences are revealed, the second-stage decisions are to schedule the reserve staff duties. We incorporate reserve employees’ preferences for days off into the model to examine how employee satisfaction may affect their own absence rates. We validate our approach on one year of data from the city of Los Angeles. Our work is currently being implemented in a world-leader software solutions provider for public transit operations

Analyzing a Family of Formulations for Cyclic Crew Rostering

In this paper, we analyze a family of formulations for the Cyclic Crew Rostering Problem (CCRP), in which a cyclic roster has to be constructed for a group of employees. Each formulation in the family is based on a partition of the roster. Intuitively, finer partitions give rise to a formulation with fewer variables, but possibly more constraints. Coarser partitions lead to more variables, but might allow to incorporate many of the constraints implicitly. We derive analytical results regarding the relative strength of the different formulations, which can serve as a guideline for formulating a given problem instance. Furthermore, we propose a column generation approach, and use it to compare the strength of the formulations empirically. Both the theoretical and computational results demonstrate the importance of choosing a suitable formulation. In particular, for practical instances of Netherlands Railways, stronger lower bounds are obtained, and more than 90% of the roster constraints can be modeled implicitly