The Pioneer Anomaly

Radio-metric Doppler tracking data received from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft from heliocentric distances of 20-70 AU has consistently indicated the presence of a small, anomalous, blue-shifted frequency drift uniformly changing with a rate of ~6 x 10^{-9} Hz/s. Ultimately, the drift was interpreted as a constant sunward deceleration of each particular spacecraft at the level of a_P = (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10^{-10} m/s^2. This apparent violation of the Newton's gravitational inverse-square law has become known as the Pioneer anomaly; the nature of this anomaly remains unexplained. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the physical properties of the anomaly and the conditions that led to its detection and characterization. We review various mechanisms proposed to explain the anomaly and discuss the current state of efforts to determine its nature. A comprehensive new investigation of the anomalous behavior of the two Pioneers has begun recently. The new efforts rely on the much-extended set of radio-metric Doppler data for both spacecraft in conjunction with the newly available complete record of their telemetry files and a large archive of original project documentation. As the new study is yet to report its findings, this review provides the necessary background for the new results to appear in the near future. In particular, we provide a significant amount of information on the design, operations and behavior of the two Pioneers during their entire missions, including descriptions of various data formats and techniques used for their navigation and radio-science data analysis. As most of this information was recovered relatively recently, it was not used in the previous studies of the Pioneer anomaly, but it is critical for the new investigation.Comment: 165 pages, 40 figures, 16 tables; accepted for publication in Living Reviews in Relativit

Improvement of vertical precision in GPS positioning with a GPS-over-fiber configuration and real-time relative hardware delay monitoring

Une des principales limitations du positionnement GPS est que la composante verticale est généralement 2 à 3 fois moins précise que la composante horizontale. Pour des applications de haute précision, il est possible d'atteindre, par méthode GPS en mode relatif, des précisions de l'ordre de quelques millimètres en composante horizontale mais non pas en composante verticale. Cependant, plusieurs applications, telles que l'auscultation de structures d'ingénierie, exigent une précision similaire tant en horizontal qu'en vertical. Par simulations, il a été démontré par (Santerre & Beutler, 1993), qu'il est possible d'améliorer la précision du positionnement vertical en utilisant un récepteur à antennes multiples et un calibrage précis du délai de propagation relatif dans les câbles et circuits électroniques séparant les antennes du récepteur. Cependant, aucune implementation n'avait été faite à ce jour pour prouver le concept. L'objectif principal de ce travail de recherche a donc été de concevoir et d'implémenter un tel système et de démontrer qu'il permet une nette amélioration dans la précision du positionnement vertical. Pour ce faire, le défi principal a été de développer un système permettant simultanément le transport des signaux GPS sur fibres optiques et le calibrage précis du délai de propagation relatif entre ces mêmes fibres en temps réel. Une fois le premier prototype complété et testé, des expériences réalisées sur une poutrelle de calibrage utilisée comme ligne de base de référence démontrent qu'avec le prototype et le système de traitement des données proposé, une nette amélioration dans la précision du positionnement vertical a été observée. Tel que prévu par la théorie et les simulations, une amélioration d'un facteur 2 à 3 a été atteint, permettant ainsi d'obtenir la même précision dans la composante verticale que dans la composante horizontale. Ces résultats, qui représentent une percée importante dans le positionnement GPS de haute précision, permettent ainsi d'envisager le déploiement de ce type de systèmes dans des applications réelles où la même précision dans toutes les composantes tridimensionnelles est essentielle mais n'avait pas pu être atteinte auparavant par positionnement relatif GPS

GNSS High-Rate Data and the Efficiency of Ionospheric Scintillation Indices

The work discusses the efficiency of different ionospheric scintillation indices. The new index D2fi based on the GNSS carrier phase observable was introduced. We analyze the accuracy of the phase measurements, in particular its dependence on the GNSS equipment thermal noises, multipath and external noises, and presettings of Phase Lock Loop and Code Delay Discriminator. The performance of DROTI, S4, σφ, and D2fi was considered for the case of high-rate data. The “sensitivity” and reliability of each index differs significantly and depends on the time resolution of the carrier phase data. The new index D2fi advantages are that it is easily derived and has a clear dependence on GNSS hardware and software features. D2fi was proven to be a useful tool to detect the small-scale ionospheric disturbances based on high-rate GPS carrier phase measurements

Advanced tracking systems design and analysis

The results of an assessment of several types of high-accuracy tracking systems proposed to track the spacecraft in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (ATDRSS) are summarized. Tracking systems based on the use of interferometry and ranging are investigated. For each system, the top-level system design and operations concept are provided. A comparative system assessment is presented in terms of orbit determination performance, ATDRSS impacts, life-cycle cost, and technological risk

Precise Onboard Time Synchronization for LEO Satellites

Onboard time synchronization is an important requirement for a wide range of low Earth orbit (LEO) missions such as altimetry or communication services, and extends to future position, navigation, and timing (PNT) services in LEO. For GNSS-based time synchronization, continuous knowledge about the satellite's position is required and, eventually, the quality of the position solution defines the timing precision attainable through GNSS measurements. Previous research has shown that real-time GNSS orbit determination of LEO satellites can achieve decimeter-level accuracy. This paper characterizes the performance of GNSS-based real-time clock synchronization in LEO using the satellite Sentinel-6A as a real-world case study. The satellite's ultra-stable oscillator (USO) and triple-frequency GPS/Galileo receiver provide measurements for a navigation filter representative of real-time onboard processing. Continuous evaluation of actual flight data over 14 days shows that a 3D orbit root-mean-square (RMS) error of 11 cm and a 0.9-ns clock standard deviation can be achieved

Machine Learning-based GPS Jamming and Spoofing Detection

The increasing reliance on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology across various sectors has exposed vulnerabilities to malicious attacks, particularly GPS jamming and spoofing. This thesis presents an analysis into detection and mitigation strategies for enhancing the resilience of GPS receivers against jamming and spoofing attacks. The research entails the development of a simulated GPS signal and a receiver model to accurately decode and extract information from simulated GPS signals. The study implements the generation of jammed and spoofed signals to emulate potential threats faced by GPS receivers in practical settings. The core innovation lies in the integration of machine learning techniques to detect and differentiate genuine GPS signals from jammed and spoofed ones. By leveraging the machine learning capability of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm to classify signal attributes as nominal or abnormal and an Artificial Immune System (AIS) framework to create an optimized Health Management System (HMS), the system adapts and learns from various signal characteristics, enabling it to make informed decisions regarding the authenticity of the received signals. After conducting training, validation, and fault detection, the model successfully returned an average 95.3% spoofed signal detection rate. The proposed machine-learning-based detection mechanism is expected to enhance the robustness of GPS receivers against evolving spoofing techniques

Performance assessment of a low-complexity autoregressive Kalman filter for GNSS carrier tracking using real scintillation time series

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICIonospheric scintillation is one of the most challenging sources of errors in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). It is an effect of space weather that introduces rapid amplitude and phase fluctuations to transionospheric signals and, as a result, it severely degrades the tracking performance of receivers, particularly carrier tracking. It can occur anywhere on the earth during intense solar activity, but the problem aggravates in equatorial and high-latitude regions, thus posing serious concerns to the widespread deployment of GNSS in those areas. One of the most promising approaches to address this problem is the use of Kalman filter-based techniques at the carrier tracking level, incorporating some a priori knowledge about the statistics of the scintillation to be dealt with. These techniques aim at dissociating the carrier phase dynamics of interest from phase scintillation by modeling the latter through some correlated Gaussian function, such as the case of autoregressive processes. However, besides the fact that the optimality of these techniques is still to be reached, their applicability for dealing with scintillation in real-world environments also remains to be confirmed. We carry out an extensive analysis and experimentation campaign on the suitability of these techniques by processing real data captures of scintillation at low and high latitudes. We first evaluate how well phase scintillation can be modeled through an autoregressive process. Then, we propose a novel adaptive, low-complexity autoregressive Kalman filter intended to facilitate the implementation of the approach in practice. Last, we provide an analysis of the operational region of the proposed technique and the limits at which a performance gain over conventional tracking architectures is obtained. The results validate the excellence of the proposed approach for GNSS carrier tracking under scintillation conditions

Performance evaluation of GPS receiver under equatorial scintillation

Equatorial scintillation is a phenomenon that occurs daily in the equatorial region after the sunset and affects radio signals that propagate through the ionosphere. Depending on the temporal and spatial situation, equatorial scintillation can represent a problem in the availability and precision of the Global Positioning System (GPS). This work is concerned with evaluating the impact of equatorial scintillation on the performance of GPS receivers. First, the morphology and statistical model of equatorial scintillation is briefly presented. A numerical model that generates synthetic scintillation data to simulate the effects of equatorial scintillation is presented. An overview of the main theoretical principles on GPS receivers is presented. The analytical models that describe the effects of scintillation at receiver level are presented and compared with numerical simulations using a radio software receiver and synthetic data. The results achieved by simulation agreed quite well with those predicted by the analytical models. The only exception is for links with extreme levels of scintillation and when weak signals are received

Geodetic Sciences

Space geodetic techniques, e.g., global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), satellite gravimetry and altimetry, and GNSS Reflectometry & Radio Occultation, are capable of measuring small changes of the Earth�s shape, rotation, and gravity field, as well as mass changes in the Earth system with an unprecedented accuracy. This book is devoted to presenting recent results and development in space geodetic techniques and sciences, including GNSS, VLBI, gravimetry, geoid, geodetic atmosphere, geodetic geophysics and geodetic mass transport associated with the ocean, hydrology, cryosphere and solid-Earth. This book provides a good reference for geodetic techniques, engineers, scientists as well as user community