8 research outputs found

    Rhythmic Pulsing: Linking Ongoing Brain Activity with Evoked Responses

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    The conventional assumption in human cognitive electrophysiology using EEG and MEG is that the presentation of a particular event such as visual or auditory stimuli evokes a “turning on” of additional brain activity that adds to the ongoing background activity. Averaging multiple event-locked trials is thought to result in the cancellation of the seemingly random phased ongoing activity while leaving the evoked response. However, recent work strongly challenges this conventional view and demonstrates that the ongoing activity is not averaged out due to specific non-sinusoidal properties. As a consquence, systematic modulations in ongoing activity can produce slow cortical evoked responses reflecting cognitive processing. In this review we introduce the concept of “rhythmic pulsing” to account for this specific non-sinusoidal property. We will explain how rhythmic pulsing can create slow evoked responses from a physiological perspective. We will also discuss how the notion of rhythmic pulsing provides a unifying framework linking ongoing oscillations, evoked responses and the brain's capacity to process incoming information

    State-Dependent Perceptual Learning

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    Experience Drives Synchronization : The phase and Amplitude Dynamics of Neural Oscillations to Musical Chords Are Differentially Modulated by Musical Expertise

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    Musical expertise is associated with structural and functional changes in the brain that underlie facilitated auditory perception. We investigated whether the phase locking (PL) and amplitude modulations (AM) of neuronal oscillations in response to musical chords are correlated with musical expertise and whether they reflect the prototypicality of chords in Western tonal music. To this aim, we recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) while musicians and non-musicians were presented with common prototypical major and minor chords, and with uncommon, non-prototypical dissonant and mistuned chords, while watching a silenced movie. We then analyzed the PL and AM of ongoing oscillations in the theta (4-8 Hz) alpha (8-14 Hz), beta- (14-30 Hz) and gamma- (30-80 Hz) bands to these chords. We found that musical expertise was associated with strengthened PL of ongoing oscillations to chords over a wide frequency range during the first 300 ms from stimulus onset, as opposed to increased alpha-band AM to chords over temporal MEG channels. In musicians, the gamma- band PL was strongest to non-prototypical compared to other chords, while in non-musicians PL was strongest to minor chords. In both musicians and non-musicians the long-latency (> 200 ms) gamma-band PL was also sensitive to chord identity, and particularly to the amplitude modulations (beats) of the dissonant chord. These findings suggest that musical expertise modulates oscillation PL to musical chords and that the strength of these modulations is dependent on chord prototypicality.Peer reviewe

    Influence of ongoing alpha rhythm on the visual evoked potential

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    The relationship between ongoing occipital alpha rhythm (8–12 Hz) and the generation of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) has been discussed controversially. While the “evoked theory” sees no interaction between VEP generation and the alpha rhythm, the “oscillatory theory” (also known as “phase-reset theory”) postulates VEP generation to be based on alpha rhythm phase resetting. Previous experimental results are contradictory, rendering a straightforward interpretation difficult. Our approach was to theoretically model the implications of the evoked and oscillatory theory also incorporating stimulus-induced alpha-rhythm desynchronization. As a result, the model based on the oscillatory theory predicts alpha-band dependent VEP amplitudes but constant phase locking. The model based on the evoked theory predicts unaffected VEP amplitudes but alpha-band dependent phase locking. Subsequently, we analyzed experimental data in which VEPs were assessed in an “eyes open” and “eyes closed” condition in 17 subjects. For early components of the VEP, findings are in agreement with the evoked theory, i.e. VEP amplitudes remain unaffected and phase locking decreases during periods of high alpha activity. Late VEP component amplitudes (> 175 ms), however, are dependent on pre-stimulus alpha amplitudes. This interaction is contradictory to the oscillatory theory since this VEP amplitude difference is not paralleled by a corresponding difference in alpha-band amplitude in the affected time window. In summary, by using a model-based approach we identified early VEPs to be compatible with the evoked theory, while results of late VEPs support a modulatory but not causative role – the latter implied by the oscillatory theory – of alpha activity for EP generation

    Spatiotemporal dynamics of spontaneous and evoked large-scale signals in the human brain

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    RĂ€umlich und zeitlich koordinierte AktivitĂ€ten großer Neuronenpopulationen im Gehirn bilden die Voraussetzung fĂŒr das Entstehen von Kognition und Verhalten. Die resultierenden SummenaktivitĂ€ten treten als dynamische makroskopische „large-scale“ Signale in Erscheinung, die mit nichtinvasiven Methoden wie der Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) und der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) am Menschen gemessen werden können. Die Kenntnis der dynamischen Eigenschaften von neuronalen large-scale Signalen gibt - in Kombination mit theoretischen Modellen - Aufschluss ĂŒber allgemeine Prinzipien der Hirnfunktion. In dieser Habilitationsschrift werden sieben Originalarbeiten vorgestellt, die sich mit der rĂ€umlich-zeitlichen Dynamik von spontanen und evozierten large-scale Signalen im Gehirn befassen. Publikation 1 „Evaluating gradient artifact correction of EEG data acquired simultaneously with fMRI“ beschreibt die Problematik von Interferenzen beim gleichzeitigen Erfassen von EEG und fMRT Daten. Simultanes EEG-fMRT erfasst unterschiedliche Dimensionen neuronaler AktivitĂ€t und bietet gleichzeitig eine hohe zeitliche und rĂ€umliche Auflösung der gemessenen large-scale Signale. Die Kombination beider Methoden fĂŒhrt jedoch zu schwerwiegenden Artefakten im EEG-Signal. In der Publikation werden vorhandene und selbst entwickelte Algorithmen zur Entfernung von „fMRT- Artefakten“ vorgestellt und bezĂŒglich ihrer LeistungsfĂ€higkeit evaluiert. In Publikation 2 „High frequency (600Hz) population spikes in human EEG delineate thalamic and cortical fMRI activation sites“ lokalisieren wir fMRT Korrelate innerhalb weniger Millisekunden nacheinander ablaufender ultraschneller Potentiale entlang der thalamo-kortikalen Bahn in den (vermuteten) Generatorstrukturen. In Publikation 3 „Ultrahigh-frequency EEG during fMRI: Pushing the limits of imaging-artifact correction“ demonstrieren wir, wie diese ultraschnellen EEG-Korrelate von Summenaktionspotentialen gleichzeitig und kontinuierlich mit fMRT und dem klassischen niedrigfrequenten (postsynaptisch generierten) EEG erfasst werden können. Koordinierte neuronale large-scale AktivitĂ€t wird im EEG in Form von Oszillationen bzw. Rhythmen sichtbar. Diese treten nicht nur als Antwort auf Ă€ußere Reize oder Aufgaben auf, sondern werden kontinuierlich - scheinbar spontan – vom Gehirn generiert. Publikationen 4 „Correlates of alpha rhythm in functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy “ und 5 „Rolandic Alpha and Beta EEG Rhythms’ Strengths are Inversely Related to fMRI-BOLD Signal in Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortex“ zeigen, dass spontane Amplitudenfluktuationen des klassischen Alpha- und der subtilen Rolandischen Rhythmen negativ zum blutogygenierungsabhĂ€ngigen (BOLD) fMRT Signal korreliert sind – und zwar spezifisch in den Kortexarealen, die den Rhythmus jeweils generieren. Das sind im Fall des klassischen Alpha-Rhythmus visuelle und fĂŒr die Rolandischen Rhythmen sensomotorische Regionen. Die negativen Korrelationen deuten drauf hin, dass bei stark ausgeprĂ€gten Rhythmen, also in Phasen hoher SynchronizitĂ€t innerhalb der Neuronenpopulation, die entsprechenden Generatorareale weniger Energie verbrauchen. Letzteres ist ein Indiz fĂŒr verminderte neuronale AktivitĂ€t in diesen Arealen und unterstĂŒtzt die Theorie, dass Hintergrundrhythmen von inhibierten Kortexarealen generiert werden. Publikationen 6 „Influence of Ongoing Alpha Rhythm on the Visual Evoked Potential“ und 7 „Oscillatory brain states interact with late cognitive components of the somatosensory evoked potential“ beleuchten die Bedeutung von Hintergrundrhythmen fĂŒr die Generierung von evozierten Potentialen (EPs). In der ersten Arbeit haben wir mit selbst entwickelten theoretischen Modellen Vorhersagen fĂŒr konkurrierende Theorien getroffen und mit experimentellen Daten verglichen. So konnten wir nachweisen, dass die Beziehung des Alpha Rhythmus zu frĂŒhen Anteilen des visuellen EPs (VEP) im Einklang steht mit der so genannten „Evoked Theory“. Diese besagt, dass Rhythmus und EP unabhĂ€ngig voneinander generiert werden und sich linear summieren. Die ebenfalls populĂ€re „Phase-Reset Theory“ wurde durch unsere Daten nicht bestĂ€tigt. Laut dieser Theorie entsteht das EP durch die Ausrichtung der Phase des zuvor spontanen Hintergrundrhythmus zum Stimulus. Wir konnten außerdem zeigen, dass der Alpha- Rhythmus mit der spĂ€ten kognitiven Komponente des VEPs interagiert. In der zweiten Arbeit, in der wir die Beziehung zwischen Rolandischem Rhythmus und somatosensorischem EP (SEP) untersuchten, fanden wir ein grundsĂ€tzlich mit der visuellen ModalitĂ€t ĂŒbereinstimmendes Verhalten. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf eine funktionelle Bedeutung von Hintergrundrhythmen fĂŒr die höhere kognitive Verarbeitung von Reizen hin. Wir konnten mit den sieben vorgestellten Arbeiten zeigen, dass mit den von uns optimierten Verfahren die multimodale Erfassung von large-scale Signalen des Gehirns möglich ist. Funktionelle MRT, klassisches EEG sowie ultraschnelle EEG-Korrelate von Summenaktionspotentialen können gleichzeitig nichtinvasiv am Menschen gemessen werden. Das zeitliche und rĂ€umliche Verhalten dieser Signaturen gibt Aufschluss ĂŒber die der Hirnfunktion zugrunde liegenden Prinzipien und Mechanismen.Spatially and temporally coordinated activities of large neuronal populations in the brain constitute the foundation for the emergence of cognition and behavior. Resulting population activities can be assessed in terms of large- scale signals by noninvasive methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) noninvasively in humans. The present habilitation thesis presents seven original works that investigate spatiotemporal dynamics of spontaneous and evoked large-scale signals in the human brain. In Publication-1 “Evaluating gradient artifact correction of EEG data acquired simultaneously with fMRI“, we describe technical challenges posed by simultaneous EEG-fMRI acquisitions in terms of emerging artefacts in the EEG signal caused by electromagnetic interferences between the two methods. We present different approaches of artefact removal and evaluate their performance. Publication-2 “High frequency (600Hz) population spikes in human EEG delineate thalamic and cortical fMRI activation sites“ we localize the putative generator structures of two bursts of ultrafast neuronal oscillations succeeding within a few milliseconds along thalamocortical structures. In publication-3 “Ultrahigh-frequency EEG during fMRI: Pushing the limits of imaging-artifact correction“ we demonstrate how these ultrafast EEG correlates of population spikes can be assessed simultaneously and continuously along with fMRI and with the classical low-frequency EEG spectrum. Publication-4 “Correlates of alpha rhythm in functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy“ and Publication-5 “Rolandic Alpha and Beta EEG Rhythms’ Strengths are Inversely Related to fMRI-BOLD Signal in Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortex“ demonstrate that spontaneous amplitude fluctuations of the prominent posterior alpha rhythm and of the more subtle Rolandic my-rhythm are correlated negatively with the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal in areas where the respective rhythm is generated. These findings are in line with the theory that background rhythms such as alpha and mu rhythms are generated by inhibited cortical areas. Publication-6 “Influence of Ongoing Alpha Rhythm on the Visual Evoked Potential“ and Publication-7 “Oscillatory brain states interact with late cognitive components of the somatosensory evoked potential“ illuminate the role of background rhythms for the generation of evoked potentials (EPs). Our results indicate that background rhythms are of functional relevance specifically for the higher cognitive processing of stimuli. Taken together, we have demonstrated that with our optimized methodological approach of simultaneous EEG-fMRI acquisition and analysis a wide spectrum of large-scale signals of the human brain can be assessed noninvasively. The spatiotemporal behavior of these signals provides insight into the principles and mechanisms that underlie human brain function
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