CyberGuarder: a virtualization security assurance architecture for green cloud computing

Cloud Computing, Green Computing, Virtualization, Virtual Security Appliance, Security Isolation

myTrustedCloud: Trusted cloud infrastructure for security-critical computation and data managment

Copyright @ 2012 IEEECloud Computing provides an optimal infrastructure to utilise and share both computational and data resources whilst allowing a pay-per-use model, useful to cost-effectively manage hardware investment or to maximise its utilisation. Cloud Computing also offers transitory access to scalable amounts of computational resources, something that is particularly important due to the time and financial constraints of many user communities. The growing number of communities that are adopting large public cloud resources such as Amazon Web Services [1] or Microsoft Azure [2] proves the success and hence usefulness of the Cloud Computing paradigm. Nonetheless, the typical use cases for public clouds involve non-business critical applications, particularly where issues around security of utilization of applications or deposited data within shared public services are binding requisites. In this paper, a use case is presented illustrating how the integration of Trusted Computing technologies into an available cloud infrastructure - Eucalyptus - allows the security-critical energy industry to exploit the flexibility and potential economical benefits of the Cloud Computing paradigm for their business-critical applications

Solar powered aircraft

A cruciform wing structure for a solar powered aircraft is disclosed. Solar cells are mounted on horizontal wing surfaces. Wing surfaces with spanwise axis perpendicular to surfaces maintain these surfaces normal to the Sun's rays by allowing aircraft to be flown in a controlled pattern at a large bank angle. The solar airplane may be of conventional design with respect to fuselage, propeller and tail, or may be constructed around a core and driven by propeller mechanisms attached near the tips of the airfoils

Solutions and Tools for Secure Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

Secure communication is considered a vital requirement in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. Such a requirement embraces different aspects, including confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of exchanged information, proper management of security material, and effective prevention and reaction against security threats and attacks. However, WSNs are mainly composed of resource-constrained devices. That is, network nodes feature reduced capabilities, especially in terms of memory storage, computing power, transmission rate, and energy availability. As a consequence, assuring secure communication in WSNs results to be more difficult than in other kinds of network. In fact, trading effectiveness of adopted solutions with their efficiency becomes far more important. In addition, specific device classes or technologies may require to design ad hoc security solutions. Also, it is necessary to efficiently manage security material, and dynamically cope with changes of security requirements. Finally, security threats and countermeasures have to be carefully considered since from the network design phase. This Ph.D. dissertion considers secure communication in WSNs, and provides the following contributions. First, we provide a performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 security services. Then, we focus on the ZigBee technology and its security services, and propose possible solutions to some deficiencies and inefficiencies. Second, we present HISS, a highly scalable and efficient key management scheme, able to contrast collusion attacks while displaying a graceful degradation of performance. Third, we present STaR, a software component for WSNs that secures multiple traffic flows at the same time. It is transparent to the application, and provides runtime reconfigurability, thus coping with dynamic changes of security requirements. Finally, we describe ASF, our attack simulation framework for WSNs. Such a tool helps network designers to quantitatively evaluate effects of security attacks, produce an attack ranking based on their severity, and thus select the most appropriate countermeasures

Assessment of Haiti’s electricity sector

INTRODUCTION: This report summarizes the current state of the electricity sector in Haiti, to form a knowledge base from which to subsequently evaluate options for how best to increase electricity access in Haiti. Accordingly, this report summarizes the results of an extensive review of the publicly-available information on the electricity sector in Haiti, supplemented by targeted interviews with selected individuals known to be knowledgeable about electricity in Haiti based on their recent involvement in assessing the sector or in pursuing/supporting development opportunities. [TRUNCATED

전력시장 시뮬레이션 기법을 활용한 재생에너지 확대가 전력시스템 유연성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향 분석

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2021. 2. 이종수.전 세계적으로 온실가스 감축 목표를 달성하기 위해서 재생에너지 비중을 확대하는 에너지 전환 정책이 시행되고 있다. 하지만, 출력 변동성과 불확실성 특성을 가지고 있는 재생에너지 확대는 전력시스템의 유연성에 문제를 일으킬 수 있으며, 낮은 운영 비용과 국가 정책상의 목적 등에 의해 전력 시장에서 우선 구매되면서 전통 발전원의 급전 우선순위 결정에도 많은 영향을 주게 된다. 이와 같은 맥락에서, 본 연구는 한국의 재생에너지 확대 정책에 의해 재생에너지 발전 비중이 20%를 초과 하는 2031년을 대상으로 전력 시스템의 유연성 평가 및 재생에너지 확대가 전력 시장에 미치는 경제적 영향 분석을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서 우선, 혼합정수계획법을 활용하여 하루 전 발전계획 수립 모형을 구축하고, 재생에너지 발전 비중이 6.2%로 상대적으로 낮은 2018년을 기준으로 2031년의 전력 시장 운영 실적과 비교하기 위해서, 구축한 발전계획 수립 모형을 기반으로 전력 시장 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 2031년 전력 시스템의 유연성 평가를 위해서 5가지 유연성 공급 용량 산정 시나리오를 설정하고 각 시나리오에 따른 유연성 공급량과 순수요 변동 폭인 유연성 요구량의 시간 단위 비교를 통해서 총 8,760시간에 대한 증∙감발 유연성 부족 횟수를 산출하였다. 유연성 공급 자원으로 운영 예비력만을 고려할 경우, 증발 유연성 측면에서 재생에너지 변동성을 약 94%까지 대응할 수 있지만, 운영 예비력 확보량보다 큰 변동 폭인 약 6% 변동성에 대해서는 속응성 자원의 역할이 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 반면에, 감발 유연성 측면의 유연성 부족 횟수는 약 18회 수준으로 매우 낮은 발생확률을 보였다. 재생에너지 변동성 분포에 대한 분석 결과를 보면, 고정적으로 운영하던 전통적인 운영 예비력 기준과 다르게 재생에너지 변동성 대응을 위한 유연성 자원은 확보 기준을 탄력적으로 운영할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타난다. 또한, 유연성 측면에서 효율적 대응을 위한 물리적 특성인 높은 증•감발률과 짧은 기동 준비시간을 보유한 발전원들이 운영 예비력에 포함되게 하려면 현행 발전출력 상한제약 방법 개선 및 예비력 보조 서비스 시장의 분리 운영을 검토할 필요가 있겠다. 이때 고려할 수 있는 예비력 보조 서비스 시장 최소 규모는 약 1,620억 원으로 추정되었다. 재생에너지 확대로 인해 2031년의 계통한계가격이 평균적으로 13.7원/kWh 낮아질 것으로 분석되었으며, 더욱이 재생에너지 발전량 비중이 높아질수록 전통 발전원으로 충족시켜야 하는 순수요 크기가 감소하면서 계통한계가격 하락은 더욱 심화할 수도 있다. 이와 같은 시장 가격 하락은 판매사업자의 전력 도매 요금의 동반 하락을 유도할 것처럼 보이지만, 기후변화 대응을 위한 RPS 제도와 배출권거래제를 고려한 전력 구입비 변화에 대한 분석 결과를 보면, 전력량 정산금을 제외한 용량 정산금, 배출권거래비용 및 RPS 의무이행 비용이 상승할 것으로 예측되었다. RPS 의무이행비율, 배출권 유상할당비율 및 배출권 가격 시나리오에 따른 전력 시장 시뮬레이션 결과에 의하면, 평균 전력 구매 단가는 2018년 93.87원/kWh에서 2031년 106.03원/kWh까지 최대 약 13% 상승할 수 있으며, 이는 향후 전력 소매 요금의 인상 압력 요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 본 연구 결과를 종합해보면 다음과 같은 정책적 함의를 끌어낼 수 있다. 첫째, 2031년 전력 시스템의 유연성을 적정 수준으로 확보하기 위해서는 운영 예비력 확보 방법을 발전출력 상한 제약 방식 대신 유연성 요구사항을 충족하는 자원들을 대상으로 한 경쟁 입찰을 통해 확보하는 방안 등 새로운 운영예비력 확보 대안이 고려되어야 한다. 또한, 재생에너지 변동성 대응 목적으로 운영 예비력과 별도로 운영하는 속응성 자원을 차질없이 계획대로 보급하고, 각 유연성 공급 자원별 변동성 대응 메커니즘을 고려하여 재생에너지 발전량 예측시스템을 정교화하여 속응성 자원에 대한 탄력적인 유연성 공급량 확보 기준을 적용해 나가야 할 것이다. 둘째, 재생에너지 확대와 관련한 정책을 개정하거나 신설하고자 할 때는 직접적인 정책의 기대효과뿐만 아니라 판매사업자의 전력 구입비 증가로 인한 전기 요금 인상 압력과 같은 간접적인 파급효과까지 함께 고려해 주어야겠다. RPS 의무할당비율, 배출권거래제 유상할당비율, 배출권 거래 비용 등의 변화로 최대 13%까지 전력 도매가격이 상승할 수 있기 때문이다. 셋째, 재생에너지 발전량과 시장 가격이 점점 상반된 패턴으로 변화할 것으로 예측되기 때문에, 변동비 반영 시장의 정산 규칙이나 시장 가격 산정 방법에 대한 개선 검토 시 이런 패턴 변화를 반드시 고려해야 한다. 또한, 유연성 공급에 참여한 발전사업자들의 보상이 적정한 수준으로 설정되어야 에너지 시장 대비 보조 서비스 시장 참여가 활성화 될 것이다. 마지막으로, 미래 전력 시장에서는 수요 피크와 시장 가격 피크의 불일치가 점점 증대될 수 있으므로, 수요 관리, 경제성 DR, 전기 요금 산정 등 수요 패턴을 고려하는 다양한 정책들이 향후에는 순수요 패턴도 함께 고려하는 방향으로 재검토되어야 할 것이다.To achieve the reduction target of greenhouse gas emissions, energy transition policy is being implemented to expand the share of renewable energy worldwide. However, the expansion of renewable energy not only causes the flexibility problem of the power system due to volatility and uncertainty of renewable energy output, but also affects the merit order of traditional power generation sources due to low operating costs of renewables or national policy objectives. These effects give rise to a huge transformation in power systems with a high share of renewable energy. In this context, this study evaluates the flexibility of the power system and analyzes the economic impact on the power market in 2031, when the share of renewable energy exceeds 20% due to Koreas energy transition policy. First, a mixed-integer linear programming approach was used to formulate the power system day-ahead unit commitment and economic dispatch model, and a power market simulation was conducted to compare the performance of the electricity market in 2031 based on 2018 figures, when the share of renewable energy is relatively low at 6.2%. To assess the flexibility of the power system in 2031, the number of periods of flexibility deficit for 8,760 hours was calculated by comparing the supply of flexibility according to the scenario of available flexibility resources with the flexibility requirement, which is the fluctuation in net load over an hour. The results show that if only the operational reserve is considered as a flexibility supply resource, about 94% of the renewable energy volatility can be dealt with in terms of upward flexibility, but the role of the quick-start generation resources is found to be important for 6% of the ramping event greater than the reserve capacity. On the other hand, the number of times flexibility deficit occurs in terms of downward flexibility is expected to be about 18, showing a very low probability of occurrence. The analysis of the distribution of renewable energy volatility reveals that, unlike the standard for operational reserve, which was traditionally fixed, the resource for responding to flexibility problem in renewable energy needs to operate the flexible securing standard. In addition, it is necessary to review the improvement of the current upper limit method of power output level and the separate operation of the reserve auxiliary service market from the energy service market to ensure that power generation sources suitable for supplying flexibility with physical characteristics for response to flexibility are included in the operational reserve. At this time, the minimum market size of the reserve auxiliary service that could be considered was estimated to be about KRW 162 billion. The expansion of renewable energy will lower the system marginal price by 13.7 KRW/kWh on average in 2031. As the share of renewable energy generation increases, the capacity of net load to be met by traditional power generation decreases, and the drop in the system marginal price may be even worse. Such a decrease in electricity market prices seems to lead to the accompanied decline in the power vendors wholesale electricity price. However, when looking at the result of power purchase cost analysis considering the renewable portfolio standard (RPS) and the emissions trading scheme (ETS) to expand renewable energy, it was predicted that the capacity settlement amount, the emission trading cost, and the RPS obligation fulfillment cost, excluding the electricity settlement amount, would increase. According to the analysis of power market simulation by RPS obligatory rate, paid allocation ratio for emissions trading, and emissions price per unit scenarios, the average power purchase cost may increase up to about 13% from 93.87 KRW/kWh in 2018 to 106.03 KRW/kWh in 2031. This suggests that it could act as a pressure factor to raise electricity rates in the future. The results of this study have the following policy implications. First, to secure the flexibility of the power system to an appropriate level in 2031, it is necessary to consider the alternative method of securing the operating reserve via competitive bidding for flexibility resources that meet the power system requirement instead of the upper limit constraint on generation output. In addition, for the purpose of responding to variability of renewable energy, quick-start generators operated separately from the operational reserve should be implemented as planned. It is also necessary to refine the system for predicting the amount of renewable energy generation in consideration of the mechanism for responding to the variability of each flexibility resource to realize the flexible regulation of flexibility supply amount. Second, if policy makers consider revising or establishing a new policy related to the expansion of renewable energy, it is necessary to examine not only the expected direct effect of the policy but also the indirect ripple effect, such as the pressure to increase electricity rates due to the hike in power purchase costs of vendors. Third, since the amount of renewable energy generation and electricity market price are expected to change in an increasingly inconsistent pattern, it is also important to reconsider the design for the settlement rules of the cost-based pool market or method of deciding the market price. Finally, in the future power market, the pattern difference between the demand peak and the market price peak may increase. Therefore, various policies that consider demand patterns, such as demand management, economical demand response, and electricity fee system, should be reviewed in the direction of considering the net load pattern in the future.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives 6 1.3 Research Outline 9 Chapter 2. Literature Review 12 2.1 Power System Flexibility 12 2.1.1 Sources of Flexibility 15 2.1.2 Studies on Flexibility Evaluation 19 2.2 Generation Scheduling 23 2.2.1 Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch Model 23 2.2.2 Optimization techniques for solving UC problem with High Renewable Energy Sources Penetration 25 2.3 Research of the Energy policy in Korea 28 2.4 Limitations of previous research and Research Motivation 33 Chapter 3. Methodology 36 3.1 Methodological Framework 36 3.2 Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch Modeling 40 3.2.1 Generation scheduling using MILP 42 3.2.2 An empirical model for day-ahead unit commitment and economic dispatch 49 3.2.3 Model Input data 58 3.2.4 Evaluation of the power system flexibility 68 3.2.5 Economic impact analysis 72 3.3 Model validation 79 3.3.1 Overview of model validation 79 3.3.2 Model validation result 82 Chapter 4. Empirical Studies 87 4.1 The study on evaluating the power system flexibility 87 4.1.1 Overview of flexibility evaluation and premises of analysis 87 4.1.2 Net load variability and calculation of flexibility requirement 91 4.1.3 Unit commitment and economic dispatch simulation and calculation of flexibility supply amount 96 4.1.4 Empirical results of evaluating the power system flexibility 103 4.2 Composition of flexibility resources and ability to respond to volatility 111 4.2.1 Incentive effect for participation in operational reserve service 112 4.2.2 Composition of operational reserve resources for flexibility supply 117 4.2.3 Volatility response mechanism of operational reserves and quick–start generators 123 4.2.4 Improvement of reserve system and separation of the auxiliary service market 128 4.3 Analysis of the economic impact 132 4.3.1 Premises for economic impact analysis 132 4.3.2 Forecasting SMP and electricity settlement amount 134 4.3.3 Analysis of the impact of policies related to the expansion of renewable energy 138 4.3.4 Empirical results and discussion 143 Chapter 5. Summary and Conclusion 146 5.1 Concluding Remarks and Contribution 146 5.2 Limitations and Future Studies 148 Bibliography 151 Appendix 1: The results of power generation scheduling of pumped-storage power plants 164 Appendix 2: Power market operation performance trend (2001-2019) 166 Abstract (Korean) 168Docto

Transforming Energy Networks via Peer to Peer Energy Trading: Potential of Game Theoretic Approaches

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has emerged as a next-generation energy management mechanism for the smart grid that enables each prosumer of the network to participate in energy trading with one another and the grid. This poses a significant challenge in terms of modeling the decision-making process of each participant with conflicting interest and motivating prosumers to participate in energy trading and to cooperate, if necessary, for achieving different energy management goals. Therefore, such decision-making process needs to be built on solid mathematical and signal processing tools that can ensure an efficient operation of the smart grid. This paper provides an overview of the use of game theoretic approaches for P2P energy trading as a feasible and effective means of energy management. As such, we discuss various games and auction theoretic approaches by following a systematic classification to provide information on the importance of game theory for smart energy research. Then, the paper focuses on the P2P energy trading describing its key features and giving an introduction to an existing P2P testbed. Further, the paper zooms into the detail of some specific game and auction theoretic models that have recently been used in P2P energy trading and discusses some important finding of these schemes.Comment: 38 pages, single column, double spac

Security for the Industrial IoT: The Case for Information-Centric Networking

Industrial production plants traditionally include sensors for monitoring or documenting processes, and actuators for enabling corrective actions in cases of misconfigurations, failures, or dangerous events. With the advent of the IoT, embedded controllers link these `things' to local networks that often are of low power wireless kind, and are interconnected via gateways to some cloud from the global Internet. Inter-networked sensors and actuators in the industrial IoT form a critical subsystem while frequently operating under harsh conditions. It is currently under debate how to approach inter-networking of critical industrial components in a safe and secure manner. In this paper, we analyze the potentials of ICN for providing a secure and robust networking solution for constrained controllers in industrial safety systems. We showcase hazardous gas sensing in widespread industrial environments, such as refineries, and compare with IP-based approaches such as CoAP and MQTT. Our findings indicate that the content-centric security model, as well as enhanced DoS resistance are important arguments for deploying Information Centric Networking in a safety-critical industrial IoT. Evaluation of the crypto efforts on the RIOT operating system for content security reveal its feasibility for common deployment scenarios.Comment: To be published at IEEE WF-IoT 201