1,113 research outputs found

    Breaking Instance-Independent Symmetries In Exact Graph Coloring

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    Code optimization and high level synthesis can be posed as constraint satisfaction and optimization problems, such as graph coloring used in register allocation. Graph coloring is also used to model more traditional CSPs relevant to AI, such as planning, time-tabling and scheduling. Provably optimal solutions may be desirable for commercial and defense applications. Additionally, for applications such as register allocation and code optimization, naturally-occurring instances of graph coloring are often small and can be solved optimally. A recent wave of improvements in algorithms for Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and 0-1 Integer Linear Programming (ILP) suggests generic problem-reduction methods, rather than problem-specific heuristics, because (1) heuristics may be upset by new constraints, (2) heuristics tend to ignore structure, and (3) many relevant problems are provably inapproximable. Problem reductions often lead to highly symmetric SAT instances, and symmetries are known to slow down SAT solvers. In this work, we compare several avenues for symmetry breaking, in particular when certain kinds of symmetry are present in all generated instances. Our focus on reducing CSPs to SAT allows us to leverage recent dramatic improvement in SAT solvers and automatically benefit from future progress. We can use a variety of black-box SAT solvers without modifying their source code because our symmetry-breaking techniques are static, i.e., we detect symmetries and add symmetry breaking predicates (SBPs) during pre-processing. An important result of our work is that among the types of instance-independent SBPs we studied and their combinations, the simplest and least complete constructions are the most effective. Our experiments also clearly indicate that instance-independent symmetries should mostly be processed together with instance-specific symmetries rather than at the specification level, contrary to what has been suggested in the literature

    SAT-based Analysis, (Re-)Configuration & Optimization in the Context of Automotive Product documentation

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    Es gibt einen steigenden Trend hin zu kundenindividueller Massenproduktion (mass customization), insbesondere im Bereich der Automobilkonfiguration. Kundenindividuelle Massenproduktion fĂŒhrt zu einem enormen Anstieg der KomplexitĂ€t. Es gibt Hunderte von Ausstattungsoptionen aus denen ein Kunde wĂ€hlen kann um sich sein persönliches Auto zusammenzustellen. Die Anzahl der unterschiedlichen konfigurierbaren Autos eines deutschen Premium-Herstellers liegt fĂŒr ein Fahrzeugmodell bei bis zu 10^80. SAT-basierte Methoden haben sich zur Verifikation der StĂŒckliste (bill of materials) von Automobilkonfigurationen etabliert. Carsten Sinz hat Mitte der 90er im Bereich der SAT-basierten Verifikationsmethoden fĂŒr die Daimler AG Pionierarbeit geleistet. Darauf aufbauend wurde nach 2005 ein produktives Software System bei der Daimler AG installiert. SpĂ€ter folgten weitere deutsche Automobilhersteller und installierten ebenfalls SAT-basierte Systeme zur Verifikation ihrer StĂŒcklisten. Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus zwei Hauptteilen. Der erste Teil beschĂ€ftigt sich mit der Entwicklung weiterer SAT-basierter Methoden fĂŒr Automobilkonfigurationen. Wir zeigen, dass sich SAT-basierte Methoden fĂŒr interaktive Automobilkonfiguration eignen. Wir behandeln unterschiedliche Aspekte der interaktiven Konfiguration. Darunter KonsistenzprĂŒfung, Generierung von Beispielen, ErklĂ€rungen und die Vermeidung von Fehlkonfigurationen. Außerdem entwickeln wir SAT-basierte Methoden zur Verifikation von dynamischen Zusammenbauten. Ein dynamischer Zusammenbau reprĂ€sentiert die chronologische Zusammenbau-Reihenfolge komplexer Teile. Der zweite Teil beschĂ€ftigt sich mit der Optimierung von Automobilkonfigurationen. Wir erlĂ€utern und vergleichen unterschiedliche Optimierungsprobleme der Aussagenlogik sowie deren algorithmische LösungsansĂ€tze. Wir beschreiben AnwendungsfĂ€lle aus der Automobilkonfiguration und zeigen wie diese als aussagenlogisches Optimierungsproblem formalisiert werden können. Beispielsweise möchte man zu einer Menge an AusstattungswĂŒnschen ein Test-Fahrzeug mit minimaler ErgĂ€nzung weiterer Ausstattungen berechnen um Kosten zu sparen. DesWeiteren beschĂ€ftigen wir uns mit der Problemstellung eine kleinste Menge an Fahrzeugen zu berechnen um eine Testmenge abzudecken. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit haben wir einen Prototypen eines (Re-)Konfigurators, genannt AutoConfig, entwickelt. Unser (Re-)Konfigurator verwendet im Kern SAT-basierte Methoden und besitzt eine grafische BenutzeroberflĂ€che, welche interaktive Konfiguration erlaubt. AutoConfig kann mit Instanzen von drei großen deutschen Automobilherstellern umgehen, aber ist nicht alleine darauf beschrĂ€nkt. Mit Hilfe dieses Prototyps wollen wir die Anwendbarkeit unserer Methoden demonstrieren

    Parallelization of SAT on Reconfigurable Hardware

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    Quoique trĂšs difficile Ă  rĂ©soudre, le problĂšme de satisfiabilitĂ© BoolĂ©enne (SAT) est frĂ©quemment utilisĂ© lors de la modĂ©lisation d’applications industrielles. À cet effet, les deux derniĂšres dĂ©cennies ont vu une progression fulgurante des outils conçus pour trouver des solutions Ă  ce problĂšme NP-complet. Deux grandes avenues gĂ©nĂ©rales ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©es afin de produire ces outils, notamment l’approche logicielle et matĂ©rielle. Afin de raffiner et amĂ©liorer ces solveurs, de nombreuses techniques et heuristiques ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©es par la communautĂ© de recherche. Le but final de ces outils a Ă©tĂ© de rĂ©soudre des problĂšmes de taille industrielle, ce qui a Ă©tĂ© plus ou moins accompli par les solveurs de nature logicielle. Initialement, le but de l’utilisation du matĂ©riel reconfigurable a Ă©tĂ© de produire des solveurs pouvant trouver des solutions plus rapidement que leurs homologues logiciels. Cependant, le niveau de sophistication de ces derniers a augmentĂ© de telle maniĂšre qu’ils restent le meilleur choix pour rĂ©soudre SAT. Toutefois, les solveurs modernes logiciels n’arrivent toujours pas a trouver des solutions de maniĂšre efficace Ă  certaines instances SAT. Le but principal de ce mĂ©moire est d’explorer la rĂ©solution du problĂšme SAT dans le contexte du matĂ©riel reconfigurable en vue de caractĂ©riser les ingrĂ©dients nĂ©cessaires d’un solveur SAT efficace qui puise sa puissance de calcul dans le parallĂ©lisme confĂ©rĂ© par une plateforme FPGA. Le prototype parallĂšle implĂ©mentĂ© dans ce travail est capable de se mesurer, en termes de vitesse d’exĂ©cution Ă  d’autres solveurs (matĂ©riels et logiciels), et ce sans utiliser aucune heuristique. Nous montrons donc que notre approche matĂ©rielle prĂ©sente une option prometteuse vers la rĂ©solution d’instances industrielles larges qui sont difficilement abordĂ©es par une approche logicielle.Though very difficult to solve, the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is extensively used to model various real-world applications and problems. Over the past two decades, researchers have tried to provide tools that are used, to a certain degree, to find solutions to the Boolean satisfiability problem. The nature of these tools is broadly divided in software and reconfigurable hardware solvers. In addition, the main algorithms used to solve this problem have also been complemented with heuristics of various levels of sophistication to help overcome some of the NP-hardness of the problem. The end goal of these tools has been to provide solutions to industrial-sized problems of enormous size. Initially, reconfigurable hardware tools provided a promising avenue to accelerating SAT solving over traditional software based solutions. However, the level of sophistication of software solvers overcame their hardware counterparts, which remained limited to smaller problem instances. Even so, modern state-of-the-art software solvers still fail unpredictably on some instances. The main focus of this thesis is to explore solving SAT on reconfigurable hardware in order to gain an understanding of what would be essential ingredients to add (and discard) to a very efficient hardware SAT solver that obtains its processing power from the raw parallelism of an FPGA platform. The parallel prototype solver that was implemented in this work has been found to be comparable with other hardware and software solvers in terms of execution speed even though no heuristics or other helping techniques were implemented. We thus show that our approach provides a very promising avenue to solving large, industrial SAT instances that might be difficult to handle by software solvers

    MaxSAT Evaluation 2020 : Solver and Benchmark Descriptions

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    MaxSAT Evaluation 2020 : Solver and Benchmark Descriptions

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    An Efficient Algorithm for Maximum Boolean Satisfiability Based on Unit Propagation, Linear Programming, and Dynamic Weighting

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    Maximum Boolean satisïŹability (max-SAT) is the optimization counterpart of Boolean satisïŹability (SAT), in which a variable assignment is sought to satisfy the maximum number of clauses in a logical formula. A branch-and-bound algorithm based on the Davis-Putnam-Logemann-Loveland procedure (DPLL) is one of the most efïŹcient complete algorithms for solving max-SAT. In this paper, We propose and investigate a number of new strategies for max-SAT. Our ïŹrst strategy is a set of unit propagation rules for max-SAT. As unit propaga-tion is a very efïŹcient strategy for SAT, we show that it can be extended to max-SAT, and can greatly improve the performance of an extended DPLL-based algorithm. Our second strategy is an effective lookahead heuristic based on linear programming. We show that the LP heuristic can be made effective as the number of clauses increases. Our third strategy is a dynamic-weight variable ordering, which is based on a thorough analysis of two well-known existing branching rules. Based on the analysis of these strategies, we develop an integrated, constrainedness-sensitive max-SAT solver that is able to dynamically adjust strategies ac-cording to problem characteristics. Our experimental results on random max-SAT and some instances from the SATLIB show that our new solver outperforms most of the existing com-plete max-SAT solvers, with orders of magnitude of improvement in many cases
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