Advanced DSP for coherent optical fiber communication

In this paper, we provide an overview of recent progress on advanced digital signal processing (DSP) techniques for high-capacity long-haul coherent optical fiber transmission systems. Not only the linear impairments existing in optical transmission links need to be compensated, but also, the nonlinear impairments require proper algorithms for mitigation because they become major limiting factors for long-haul large-capacity optical transmission systems. Besides the time domain equalization (TDE), the frequency domain equalization (FDE) DSP also provides a similar performance, with a much-reduced computational complexity. Advanced DSP also plays an important role for the realization of space division multiplexing (SDM). SDM techniques have been developed recently to enhance the system capacity by at least one order of magnitude. Some impressive results have been reported and have outperformed the nonlinear Shannon limit of the single-mode fiber (SMF). SDM introduces the space dimension to the optical fiber communication. The few-mode fiber (FMF) and multi-core fiber (MCF) have been manufactured for novel multiplexing techniques such as mode-division multiplexing (MDM) and multi-core multiplexing (MCM). Each mode or core can be considered as an independent degree of freedom, but unfortunately, signals will suffer serious coupling during the propagation. Multi-input−multi-output (MIMO) DSP can equalize the signal coupling and makes SDM transmission feasible. The machine learning (ML) technique has attracted worldwide attention and has been explored for advanced DSP. In this paper, we firstly introduce the principle and scheme of coherent detection to explain why the DSP techniques can compensate for transmission impairments. Then corresponding technologies related to the DSP, such as nonlinearity compensation, FDE, SDM and ML will be discussed. Relevant techniques will be analyzed, and representational results and experimental verifications will be demonstrated. In the end, a brief conclusion and perspective will be provided

Digital Back Propagation via Sub-band Processing in Spatial Multiplexing Systems

An advanced digital backward-propagation (DBP) method using a separate-channels approach (SCA) is investigated for the compensation of inter-channel nonlinearities in spatial- and wavelength-multiplexed systems. Compared to the conventional DBP, intra- and inter-mode cross-phase modulation can be efficiently compensated by including the effect of the inter-channel walk-off in the nonlinear step of the split-step Fourier method. We found that the SCA-DBP relaxes the step size requirements by a factor of 10, while improving performance by 0.8 dB for large walk-off and strong linear coupling. For the first time, it is shown that in spatial multiplexed systems transmission performance can be improved by sub-band processing of back propagated channels

Polarization-dependent nonlinear effects in coherent detection systems

In the last decades the demand for data capacity has increased exponentially. Optical Coherent Detection, firstly proposed at the end of the 1980s to improve receiver sensitivity, has proved as one of the most powerful techniques to increase the optical communication spectral efficiency and so the total per channel capacity. Indeed, thanks to the recent advances in digital signal processing (DSP) and high speed electronics, the DSP-based coherent detection in optical networks expedited the use of polarization division multiplexing (PDM) as a cost-effective way of doubling system capacity. Furthermore, coherent detection presents many others advantages with respect to direct detection such as the use of multilevel optical modulation formats like N-PSK and N-QAM and compensating linear propagation effects in the electrical domain as chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and optical filtering. On the other hand, transmission reach of WDM systems is a major concern for the deployment of such a solution and is usually mainly limited by cross-nonlinear effects. In WDM transmission systems, the cross-nonlinearities make neighboring channels interact depending on their power and state of polarization (SOP). The last is of particular concern in PDM systems since they are more sensitive to a new kind of distortion that has been generally referred to as cross-polarization modulation (XPolM) as a way to distinguish it from the well known cross-phase modulation (XPM). At the beginning of our research activity in 2009, despite the growing interest and the number of publications on XPolM, many of its features were still unknown. For example, in Sept. 2009 Winter et al. provided a model that successfully measured the degree of polarization degradation in presence of XPolM, but it was still not clear when the bit error rate (BER) is dominated by XPolM and how XPolM relates to the other relevant nonlinear effects, such as XPM and self-phase modulation (SPM). With the investigations presented in this thesis we want to fill the gap, by providing a systematic simulation study of system performance where each nonlinear effect acts individually. Furthermore, thanks to the possibility in Optilux software to take into account separately the nonlinear terms of the propagation equation, we add some new piece of knowledge about XPolM. We quantify the XPolM-induced penalty as a function of transmission parameters such as the channel power, spacing and state of polarization (SOP). We also clarify the role of the Viterbi and Viterbi-based carrier phase estimator in mitigation of XPM and XPolM. We focused our investigation mainly on PDM-quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation format. The thesis is organized as follows. In the first chapter the principal impairments for long haul transmissions are briefly recalled. They are divided into linear and nonlinear effects, according to whether they are independent of the signal power or not. The first group is composed of fiber attenuation, chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. The second group is composed of nonlinear polarization-independent effects: such as SPM and XPM. Other linear effects such as polarization dependent loss and nonlinear effects as intra channel cross phase modulation, four wave mixing, nonlinear phase noise and non elastic scattering effects (stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering) are not included in our discussion, while the XPolM is discussed at length in Ch. 3. The second chapter discusses the joint use of PDM and the coherent detection, as a solution to increase the transmission capacity. We also discuss a new technique, namely mode division multiplexing (MDM), to further increase the transmission capacity thanks to the joint use with PDM and coherent detection. In Ch.3, after the definition of the XPolM term in the propagation equation, we show the polarization rotation and the PDM-QPSK constellation distortion induced by XPolM as a function of the rotation axis orientation. We perform such analysis both mathematically and by simulation. In Ch. 4 we show when the bit error rate (BER) of a PDM-QPSK channel is dominated by XPolM, through a massive use of simulation in a wide range of system setups. We analyze different pulse shapes, transmission links and transmission fibers in both hybrid (PDM-QPSK -- OOK) and homogeneous systems (PDM-QPSK). Furthermore we clarify the role of channel power, spacing, state of polarization (SOP) and Viterbi and Viterbi-based carrier phase estimator on the XPM- and XPolM-induced penalty. In the last part of the chapter we quantify the nonlinear penalty in a PDM-BPSK transmission system, showing the average performance and its fluctuation induced by the transmission sequences and SOPs. In Ch. 5 we compare different optical methods to improve the resilience of coherent 112-Gb/s PDM-QPSK WDM transmissions against cross-channel nonlinearities. Such methods consist of increasing the line group velocity dispersion (GVD), or the line PMD, or inserting in-line XPM suppressors, which are passive devices that introduce different delays on adjacent channels at specific points of the line. In Ch. 6 we summarize the experimental results obtained during the research activity at Alcatel-Lucent Bell-Labs France on MDM. In such an activity we employ a mode converter based on a liquid-crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial modulator and a prototype few mode fiber (FMF). Last but not least, in the Appendix we discuss three different rules to correctly simulate the cross-nonlinearities, showing also some artifacts that can arise with a non-correct setting of some numerical parameters, such as the nonlinear step of Split-Step Fourier method, the sequence length and the sequence type

Impact of inter-modal four-wave mixing on the performance of mode- and wavelength-division-multiplexing systems

In this paper, we investigate the impact of inter-modal four-wave mixing on mode- and wavelength-division-multiplexing systems. A set of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations, including linear mode coupling, is derived allowing to isolate the inter-modal four-wave mixing terms. The efficiency of inter-modal four-wave mixing between degenerate LP modes is found to be significantly higher than the intra-modal four-wave mixing efficiency. However, it is shown that the inter-modal four-wave mixing efficiency between degenerate modes is significantly reduced by the linear mode coupling

Point-to-point overlay of a 100Gb/s DP-QPSK channel in LR-PONs for urban and rural areas

The continuing growth in information demand from fixed and mobile end-users, coupled with the need to deliver this content in an economically viable manner, is driving new innovations in access networks. In particular, it is becoming increasingly important to find new ways to enable the coexistence of heterogeneous services types which may require different signal modulation formats over the same fiber infrastructure. For example, the same physical layer can potentially be used to deliver shared 10Gb/s services to residential customers, dedicated point-to-point (P2P) 100Gb/s services to business customers, and wireless fronthaul, in a highly cost-effective manner. In this converged scenario, the performance of phase modulated signals can be heavily affected by nonlinear crosstalk from co-propagating on-off-keying (OOK) channels. In this paper, the overlay of a 100G P2P dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK) channel in a long-reach passive optical network (LR-PON) in the presence of co-propagating 10Gb/s OOK neighboring channels is studied for two different PON topologies. The first LR-PON topology is particularly suited for densely populated areas while the second is aimed at rural, sparsely populated areas. The experimental results indicate that with an emulated load of 40 channels the urban architecture can support up to 100km span and 512 users, while the rural architecture can support up to 120km span and 1024 users. Finally, a system model is developed to predict the system performance and system margins for configurations different from the experimental setups and to carry out design optimization that could in principle lead to even more efficient and robust schemes

Towards high bandwidth communication systems: from Multi-Gbit/s over SI-POF in home scenarios to 5G cellular networks over SMF

The main objective of the thesis is to study high bandwidth communication systems for different network architectures from the end user at the in-home scenario to the service provider through the mobile cellular front-haul network. This is in parallel with the integration of power over fiber (PoF) technology in these systems.The present work received funds from the following Spanish and international projects: - Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, “Tecnologías avanzadas inteligentes basadas en fibras ópticas/Advanced SMART technologies based on Optical Fibers (SMART-OF)”, grant no. RTI2018-094669-B-C32, within the coordinated project “Polymer Optical Fiber Disruptive Technologies (POFTECH)”. - Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades “LAboratorio de montaje, medida y CAracterización de antenas y dispositivos integrados fotónicos para comunicaciones 5G y de espacio en milimétricas, submilimétricas y THz (hasta 320 GHz) (LACA5G))”, grant no. EQC2018-005152-P. - Comunidad de Madrid “TElealimentación FotovoLtaica por fibra Óptica para medida y coNtrol en entornos extremos (TEFLON-CM)”, grant no. Y2018/EMT-4892. - Comunidad de Madrid “Sensores e Instrumentación en Tecnologías Fotónicas 2 (SINFOTON-2)”, grant no. P2018/NMT-4326, coordinated project with UC3MUPM- UAH-URCJ-CSIC. - H2020 European Union programme Bluespace project “Building the Use of Spatial Multiplexing 5G Networks Infrastructures and Showcasing Advanced Technologies and Networking Capabilities” grant nº.762055.Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Automática por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Beatriz Ortega Tamarit.- Secretario: Guillermo Carpintero del Barrio.- Vocal: Óscar Esteban Martíne

Advanced DSP Techniques for High-Capacity and Energy-Efficient Optical Fiber Communications

The rapid proliferation of the Internet has been driving communication networks closer and closer to their limits, while available bandwidth is disappearing due to an ever-increasing network load. Over the past decade, optical fiber communication technology has increased per fiber data rate from 10 Tb/s to exceeding 10 Pb/s. The major explosion came after the maturity of coherent detection and advanced digital signal processing (DSP). DSP has played a critical role in accommodating channel impairments mitigation, enabling advanced modulation formats for spectral efficiency transmission and realizing flexible bandwidth. This book aims to explore novel, advanced DSP techniques to enable multi-Tb/s/channel optical transmission to address pressing bandwidth and power-efficiency demands. It provides state-of-the-art advances and future perspectives of DSP as well

The Experimental Design of Radio-over-Fibre System for 4G Long Term Evolution

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the potential key to meet the exponentially increasing demand of the mobile end users. The entire LTE network architecture and signal processing is carried out at the enhanced NodeB (eNB) level, hence the increased complexity and cost. Therefore, it is not efficient to deploy eNB for the purpose of extending the network coverage. As a solution, deployment of relay node (RN), with radio-over-fibre (RoF) acting as the interface between eNB and RN is proposed. Due to the high path loss and multipath fading, wireless interface would not be the ideal channel between eNB and RN. A detailed investigation is carried out by comparing the Rayleigh multipath fading channel with the optical fibre channel, where the latter achieved a ~31 dB of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain. The distributed feedback laser (DFB) is selected as the direct modulated laser (DML) source, where the modulation method introduces a positive frequency chirp (PFC). The existing mathematical expression does not precisely explain on how the rate equations contribute to PFC. Therefore, an expression for PFC is proposed and derived from the carrier and photon densities of the rate equations. Focusing on theoretical development of DML based RoF system, a varying fast Fourier transform (FFT) scheme is introduced into LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) technology as an alternative design to the carrier aggregation. A range of FFT sizes are investigated with different levels of optical launch power (OLP), the optimum OLP has been defined to be within the range of ~-6 to 0 dBm, which is known as the intermixing region. It is found that FFT size-128 provides improved average system efficiency of ~54% and ~65% in comparison to FFT size-64 and FFT size-128, respectively, within the intermixing region. While fixing FFT size to 128, the investigation is diverted to the optimisation of optical modulators. The author revealed that the performance of dual electrode-Mach Zehnder modulator (DE-MZM) is superior to both DML scheme and single electrode (SE)-MZM, where DE-MZM achieved a transmission span of 88 km and 71 km for 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-QAM, respectively. At the initial experimental link design and optimisation stage, an optimum modulation region (OMR) is proposed at the optical modulation index (OMI) of 0.38, which resulted in an average error vector magnitude (EVM) of ~1.01% for a 10 km span. The EVM of ~1.01% is further improved by introducing the optimum OLP region at –2 dBm, where the observed average EVM trimmed to ~0.96%. There is no deviation found in the intermixing region by transmitting the LTE signal through a varying transmission span of 10 to 60 km, additionally, it was also revealed that the LTE RoF nonlinear threshold falls above the OLP of 6 dBm. The proposed system was further developed to accommodate 2×2 multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmission by utilising analogue frequency division multiplexing (FDM) technique. The studies procured that the resulting output quality of signal at 2 GHz and 2.6 GHz is almost identical with a twofold gain in the peak data rate and no occurrence of intermodulation (IMD). In order to emulate the complete LTE RoF solution, an experimental design of full duplex frequency division duplex (FDD) system with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) architecture is proposed. It is found that channel spacing of 50 MHz between the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) introduces severe IMD distortion, where an adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) penalty of 14.10 dB is observed. Finally, a novel nonlinear compensation technique utilising a direct modulation based frequency dithering (DMFD) scheme is proposed. The LTE RoF system average SNR gain observed at OLP of 10 dBm for the 50 km transmission span is ~5.97 dB. External modulation based frequency dithering (EMFD) exhibits ~3 dB of average SNR gain over DMFD method