European White Book on Real-Time Power Hardware in the Loop Testing : DERlab Report No. R- 005.0

The European White Book on Real-Time-Powerhardware-in-the-Loop testing is intended to serve as a reference document on the future of testing of electrical power equipment, with specifi c focus on the emerging hardware-in-the-loop activities and application thereof within testing facilities and procedures. It will provide an outlook of how this powerful tool can be utilised to support the development, testing and validation of specifi cally DER equipment. It aims to report on international experience gained thus far and provides case studies on developments and specifi c technical issues, such as the hardware/software interface. This white book compliments the already existing series of DERlab European white books, covering topics such as grid-inverters and grid-connected storag

Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis

The work published in this book is related to the application of advanced signal processing in smart grids, including power quality, data management, stability and economic management in presence of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. The distinct architecture of smart grids has prompted investigations into the use of advanced algorithms combined with signal processing methods to provide optimal results. The presented applications are focused on data management with cloud computing, power quality assessment, photovoltaic power plant control, and electrical vehicle charge stations, all supported by modern AI-based optimization methods

A Novel Control Method For Grid Side Inverters Under Generalized Unbalanced Operating Conditions

This thesis provides a summary on renewable energy sources integration into the grid, using an inverter, along with a comprehensive literature research on variety of available control methods. A new generalized method for grid side inverter control under unbalanced operating conditions is also proposed. The presented control method provides complete harmonic elimination in line currents and DC link voltage with adjustable power factor. The method is general, and can be used for all levels of imbalance in grid voltages and line impedances. The control algorithm proposed in this work has been implemented by using MATLAB Simulink and dSPACE RT1104 control system. Simulation and experimental results presented in this thesis are in excellent agreement

Study of new vector-control algorithms for 3-phase inverters used in renewable agents connected to the low-voltage utility grid with disturbances

[ESP] La demanda de energía eléctrica se ha ido incrementando a través de los años debido al desarrollo que han tenido el sector industrial y de transporte, sumándose además el aumento de la población mundial y el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías que requieren mayor cantidad de energía. Por ello, y con el propósito de generar la energía eléctrica necesaria para suplir a estos sectores, el consumo de combustible ha presentado un aumento significativo. Así, la energía consumida en el año 2010 fue de unos 153,000 TWh y se prevé que para el año 2020 esta cifra ascienda a 184,000 TWh, siendo la mayor parte de esta energía proveniente de combustibles fósiles, aunque el futuro de esta tendencia es incierto. Además, la población mundial se está concienciando cada vez más de los efectos negativos medioambientales que está provocando el llamado “efecto invernadero” y, como consecuencia, se están creando una serie de políticas energéticas con el fin de reducir la generación de gases y partículas contaminantes. Una alternativa para reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles y, a la vez, reducir las emisiones de los gases tóxicos causantes del efecto invernadero, es el uso de fuentes de energías renovables como la solar fotovoltaica y la eólica, así como el uso de pilas de combustibles para almacenamiento de energía, todas ellas a instalar en el mix energético. En este sentido, los nuevos agentes renovables que se conecten a la red eléctrica trifásica de baja tensión deben controlarse adecuadamente y cumpliendo con las legislaciones energéticas vigentes. En este sentido, deben diseñarse nuevas y sofisticadas estrategias de control con el propósito de controlar adecuadamente las corrientes de línea de los inversores de conexión a red utilizados en los agentes renovables cuando existan perturbaciones en la red eléctrica de baja tensión, tales como las variaciones de su frecuencia nominal, los desequilibrios en las tensiones trifásicas y la presencia de contaminación armónica de baja frecuencia. Por todo lo anteriormente mencionado, esta tesis está enfocada en el estudio de varios algoritmos de control y sincronización utilizados en inversores en fuente de tensión (VSI) para conexión a red que operan como los acondicionadores de potencia para los sistemas renovables. Los estudios realizados se aplican a un sistema fotovoltaico, pero pueden extenderse a cualquier tipo de agente renovable utilizado en un sistema de Generación Distribuida. [ENG] Throughout decades, the electric power demand has been rising due to the growth of the industrial sector and transportation, and the development of new technologies that require more energy together with the increase of the global population have led to a higher fuel demand needed for the electric energy generation. The global energy consumption in 2010 was 153,000 TWh and it is expected an increment to 184,600 TWh by 2020, the majority provided by fossil fuels, although the future of these trend is uncertain. Besides, greenhouse effect is causing environmental changes that concern mankind and the creation of new energetic policies is a fact. An alternative for reducing the fossil fuel dependence and the reduction of the greenhouse gas emission is the use of clean and infinite renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, as well as fuel cells for energy storage, which have been installed in the energetic mix. In this context, new renewable agents are connected to the 3-phase utility grid and must be properly controlled according to power electrical legislations. For this, new and sophisticated control algorithms are to be designed in order to control properly the line currents of the grid-connected inverter when variations of the nominal frequency, voltage unbalances and low-order harmonics are present in the 3-phase utility grid voltage. This thesis is focused in the study of several control and synchronization algorithms used in grid-connected Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) working as the power conditioner circuits for renewable energy systems. The study of these algorithms is carried out using a grid-connected photovoltaic system, but they can be extended to any renewable agent in any distributed generation system.Universidad Politécnica de Cartagen

Experimental Verification and Integration of a Next Generation Smart Power Management System

With the increase in energy demand by the residential community in this country and the diminishing fossil fuel resources being used for electric energy production there is a need for a system to efficiently manage power within a residence. The Smart Green Power Node (SGPN) is a next generation energy management system that automates on-site energy production, storage, consumption, and grid usage to yield the most savings for both the utility and the consumer. Such a system automatically manages on-site distributed generation sources such as a PhotoVoltaic (PV) input and battery storage to curtail grid energy usage when the price is high. The SGPN high level control features an advanced modular algorithm that incorporates weather data for projected PV generation, battery health monitoring algorithms, user preferences for load prioritization within the home in case of an outage, Time of Use (ToU) grid power pricing, and status of on-site resources to intelligently schedule and manage power flow between the grid, loads, and the on-site resources. The SGPN has a scalable, modular architecture such that it can be customized for user specific applications. This drove the topology for the SGPN which connects on-site resources at a low voltage DC microbus; a two stage bi-directional inverter/rectifier then couples the AC load and residential grid connect to on-site generation. The SGPN has been designed, built, and is undergoing testing. Hardware test results obtained are consistent with the design goals set and indicate that the SGPN is a viable system with recommended changes and future wor

Advanced Solutions for Renewable Energy Integration into the Grid Addressing Intermittencies, Harmonics and Inertial Response

Numerous countries are trying to reach almost 100\% renewable penetration. Variable renewable energy (VRE), for instance wind and PV, will be the main provider of the future grid. The efforts to decrease the greenhouse gasses are promising on the current remarkable growth of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) capacity. This thesis provides an overview of the presented techniques, standards and grid interface of the PV systems in distribution and transmission level. This thesis reviews the most-adopted grid codes which required by system operators on large-scale grid connected Photovoltaic systems. The adopted topologies of the converters, the control methodologies for active - reactive power, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), as well as their arrangement in solar farms are studied. The unique L(LCL)2 filter is designed, developed and introduced in this thesis. This study will help researchers and industry users to establish their research based on connection requirements and compare between different existing technologies. Another, major aspect of the work is the development of Virtual Inertia Emulator (VIE) in the combination of hybrid energy storage system addressing major challenges with VRE implementations. Operation of a photovoltaic (PV) generating system under intermittent solar radiation is a challenging task. Furthermore, with high-penetration levels of photovoltaic energy sources being integrated into the current electric power grid, the performance of the conventional synchronous generators is being changed and grid inertial response is deteriorating. From an engineering standpoint, additional technical measures by the grid operators will be done to confirm the increasingly strict supply criteria in the new inverter dominated grid conditions. This dissertation proposes a combined virtual inertia emulator (VIE) and a hybrid battery-supercapacitor-based energy storage system . VIE provides a method which is based on power devices (like inverters), which makes a compatible weak grid for integration of renewable generators of electricity. This method makes the power inverters behave more similar to synchronous machines. Consequently, the synchronous machine properties, which have described the attributes of the grid up to now, will remain active, although after integration of renewable energies. Examples of some of these properties are grid and generator interactions in the function of a remote power dispatch, transients reactions, and the electrical outcomes of a rotating bulk mass. The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is implemented to smooth the short-term power fluctuations and main reserve that allows renewable electricity generators such as PV to be considered very closely like regular rotating power generators. The objective of utilizing the HESS is to add/subtract power to/from the PV output in order to smooth out the high frequency fluctuations of the PV power, which may occur due to shadows of passing cloud on the PV panels. A control system designed and challenged by providing a solution to reduce short-term PV output variability, stabilizing the DC link voltage and avoiding short term shocks to the battery in terms of capacity and ramp rate capability. Not only could the suggested system overcome the slow response of battery system (including dynamics of battery, controller, and converter operation) by redirecting the power surges to the supercapacitor system, but also enhance the inertial response by emulating the kinetic inertia of synchronous generator

Power Converters in Power Electronics

In recent years, power converters have played an important role in power electronics technology for different applications, such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, pulsed power generation, and biomedical sciences. Power converters, in the realm of power electronics, are becoming essential for generating electrical power energy in various ways. This Special Issue focuses on the development of novel power converter topologies in power electronics. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to: Z-source converters; multilevel power converter topologies; switched-capacitor-based power converters; power converters for battery management systems; power converters in wireless power transfer techniques; the reliability of power conversion systems; and modulation techniques for advanced power converters

Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Sustainable Energy Conversion

This Special Issue summarizes, in a single reference, timely emerging topics related to power electronics for sustainable energy conversion. Furthermore, at the same time, it provides the reader with valuable information related to open research opportunity niches