Comparison of energy consumption and costs of different HEVs and PHEVs in European and American context

This paper will analyse on the one hand the potential of Plug in Hybrid electric Vehicles to significantly reduce fuel consumption and displace it torward various primary energies thanks to the electricity sector. On the other hand the total cost of ownership of two different PHEV architectures will be compared to a conventional cehicle and a HEV without external charging

Voltage support by optimal integration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles to a Residential Grid

International audienceThis paper provides a linear approach to compute the voltages at any node on a residential grid based on the house instantaneous load and the presence of charging Plug- In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) on the grid (and the corresponding instantaneous consumption or injection). Based on this linear operation, the paper provides a detailed linear programming formulation of the problem of charging the PHEVs while providing a voltage support service to the grid. Multiple evaluation cases are included in order to test the ability of the approach to maintain voltages within safety limits and provide optimal consumption/injection policies. An additional case is included to prove the potential of the PHEVs to solve existing voltage technical issues on a residential grid

Incentives for quick penetration of electric vehicles in five European countries: perceptions from experts and stakeholders.

On the basis of 143 responses from experts and stakeholders from Germany, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands and the UK, we assess the perceived impact of a range of incentives for the uptake of electric vehicles (EVs). We find that the incentive that most respondents consider to have a positive impact is the development of charging infrastructure, with 75% stating so. This is followed by purchase subsidies, to narrow the difference in price of an EV and that of an internal combustion engine vehicle, with 68% of respondents stating that they have a strong or at least a partial positive impact. Pilot/trial/demonstrations of EVs, to expose potential buyers to EVs, are also perceived to have a positive effect, with 66% of respondents stating so. Tax incentives, which like purchase subsidies, narrow the gap between the total operating cost of an EV and that of a conventional vehicle, are also perceived to have a positive impact by 65% of respondents. Other incentives that are perceived to have a positive influence include climate change and air quality policies, consumer information schemes and differential taxation applied to various fuels and energy vectors

Intégration optimale des Véhicules Electriques Hybrides Rechargeables dans un réseau Résidentiel

International audienceCe papier présente une approche linéaire pour calculer les tensions de chaque nœud sur un réseau résidentiel, basé sur la charge instantanée de chaque maison en présence des voitures électriques hybrides rechargeables (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles - PHEV). Sur la base de ce fonctionnement, le papier propose une formulation de programmation linéaire détaillée du problème de la charge des PHEVs, et ce, tout en offrant un service de support de tension au réseau. Plusieurs cas d'évaluation sont inclus afin de tester la performance de l'approche à maintenir des tensions dans les limites de sécurité et fournir des séquences optimales de consommation / injection. Un autre cas est inclus afin de prouver la propension des véhicules électriques hybrides rechargeables à résoudre les problèmes de tension existants sur le réseau résidentiel

Policy instruments to promote electro-mobilityiIn the Eu28: A comprehensive review

Despite its environmental benefits, the amount of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in use within the European Union 28 is still very limited. Poor penetration might be explained by certain factors that dissuade potential buyers. To balance these factors and promote electro-mobility, Member States have established incentives to increase demand. However, the various measures are scattered. This paper contributes to fill the gap in the literature by offering an overall view of the main measures. The authors will focus on measures to promote electro-mobility within the EU28 until 2014. After an in-depth and comprehensive review of the relevant measures, the authors conclude that the most important policy instruments to promote EVs are tax and infrastructure measures in addition to financial incentives for purchasing and supporting R&D projects. Regardless of the scarcity of EV registration data, the available information allows us to conclude that higher EV penetration levels appear in countries where the registration tax, the ownership tax, or both taxes have developed a partial green tax by including CO2 emissions in the calculation of the final invoice.Junta de Andalucía proyecto SEJ-132Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, Cátedra de Economía de la Energía y del Medio Ambiente (Cátedra de Energía y Economía Ambiental) ECO2014-56399-RUniversidad Autónoma de Chil

Plug-In Electric Vehicles: A Case Study of Seven Markets

At the current stage of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) market development, sales rates vary dramatically across different countries and regions. For policy-makers and other stakeholders it is useful to understand the major social, economic, and policy drivers of vehicle adoption. This paper provides insights into the developing PEV markets in Norway, Netherlands, California, United States, France, Japan, and Germany. This is accomplished by applying a Technological Innovation System (TIS) approach that systematically identifies the role of different factors in promulgating new markets. Our comparison between markets shows that in all studied regions, sales of PEVs are supported through various types of government incentives, government resources, and other legitimation activities. However, regions with relatively strong PEV markets have a greater focus on market formation activities and relatively higher costs savings associated with operating an electric vehicle as compared to a conventional vehicle. To determine whether these factors are the primary determinants of PEV market shares, further research should be undertaken that also incorporates analysis related to the presence and government support for entrepreneurial activities related to electric vehicle innovation

The Role of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Electrifying Personal Transport - Analysis of empirical data from North America

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) can help reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector, combined with the decarbonization of the electricity sector, and play an important role in electrifying personal transport. This thesis uses empirical data from North America to investigate the role of PHEVs in electrifying personal transport, with a focus on the household context and charging behavior. There is a lack of assessment of electrification at the household level in the literature and Paper I fills this gap by analyzing how household factors impact the share of electrification of vehicle miles travelled (eVMT) considering all vehicles in the household. There is also a lack of empirical studies in the literature analyzing the charging behavior for large samples of PHEV users. Paper II fills this gap with an analysis of a large sample and long observation period for Chevrolet Volt (a long-range PHEV) in North America. To the authors’ best knowledge, it is the first study to map out the range of charging behavior with additional daytime charging and no overnight charging frequencies. Previous studies in the literature have analyzed well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions of PHEVs but neglect the effect of charging behavior on tail-pipe emissions. Paper III fills this gap by quantifying the environmental effects of PHEV charging behavior with a focus on tail-pipe emissions of a long-range PHEV such as the Chevrolet Volt. Our results indicate that PHEVs with a range of at least 35 US miles (56 km) have an important role to play, especially in the electrification of vehicle miles travelled within the household context where they can achieve as much electrification as some battery electric vehicles; regular overnight charging can have a noteworthy reduction on tail pipe emissions of PHEVs and substantially increase share of electrification of miles; and policy for PHEVs should prioritize easy access to overnight charging above public and workplace infrastructure to achieve high shares of electrification