How Much Is a Win Worth? An Application to Intercollegiate Athletics

Intercollegiate athletics in the United States have become a multibillion-dollar industry over the past several decades. In this study, we investigate the short- and long-term direct monetary effects of operating a winning athletics program for an academic institution of higher education. We construct a unique panel dataset from multiple sources and utilize the latest dynamic panel data estimation methods to account for heterogeneity while also addressing endogeneity concerns. We find that success in men's football and basketball has a significant impact on a school's respective football and basketball revenues; however, the effect is different based on the type of school. We find that regular season wins in football account for most of the increase in revenue for established schools whereas invitations to prestigious postseason bowl games play a big part for less-established schools. Furthermore, we find that student population and education quality dissipate the effect of athletic success on monetary payoffs. We find that success in basketball carries over more from the past than in football with additional contemporaneous marginal effects for established schools. We do find, however, that past athletic success carries over significantly to the present in both football and basketball, suggesting the significance of the long-term monetary effect of athletic success to many academic institutions in the United States

A bibliography experiment on research within the scope of industry 4.0 application areas in sports: Sporda endüstri 4.0 uygulama alanları kapsamında yapılan araştırmalar üzerine bir bibliyografya denemesi

Developed countries develop their production sites within the scope of industry 4.0 technology components and experience constant change and transformation to establish economic superiority. This situation allows them to produce more in various fields and thus to rise to a more advantageous position economically. Industry 4.0 technology affects areas within the scope of the sports industry such as sports tourism, athlete performance, athlete health, sports publishing, sports textile products, sports education and training, sports management and human resources, and creates an international competition environment in terms of production and performance. In this study, it is aimed to examine the researches about the usage areas of industry 4.0 in sports. From this point on, researches in the context of the subject have been presented with bibliographic method. In the conclusion section, the weaknesses and possibilities of youth sociology were discussed, and efforts were made to present a projection on what to do about the field. In this respect, a youth sociology evaluation has been tried to be made on the prominent topics, forgotten aspects and themes left incomplete in youth sociology studies. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet Gelişmiş ülkeler endüstri 4.0 teknolojisi bileşenleri kapsamında üretim sahalarını geliştirmekte ve ekonomik üstünlük kurmak amacıyla sürekli değişim ve dönüşüm yaşamaktadır. Bu durum onların çeşitli alanlarda daha fazla üretmelerine dolayısıyla ekonomik yönden daha avantajlı konuma yükselmelerine olanak sağlamaktadır. Endüstri 4.0 teknolojisi spor turizmi, sporcu performansı, sporcu sağlığı, spor yayıncılığı, spor tekstil ürünleri, spor eğitimi ve öğretimi, spor yönetimi ve insan kaynakları gibi spor endüstrisi kapsamındaki alanları etkilemekte üretim ve performans yönünden ülkeler arası bir rekabet ortamı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada endüstri 4.0’ın sporda kullanım alanları ile ilgili araştırmaların incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle konu bağlamındaki araştırmalar bibliyografik metodla ortaya konmuştur. Sonuç bölümünde ise sporda endüstri 4.0 kullanım alanları tartışılmış, alana olan katkıları ve olumuz etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. &nbsp

A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPAREL SPONSORSHIPS AND STUDENT-ATHLETE RECRUITING IN COLLEGE TENNIS

As division I athletic departments compete for money and success, many have turned to recruiting as their way to foster prosperity. Recruit decision making factors has been studied regularly as a key instrument in determining how to gain top recruits. This study looks to understand the impact that apparel sponsorship has on recruiting within college tennis due to the unique relationship the sport of tennis has with apparel in junior, college, and professional tennis. The purpose of this study is to uncover: (a) if top recruits are likely to attend a specific school based on their apparel sponsorship and (b) if there is a relationship between recruit ranking and their choice of school based on the apparel sponsor. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze this relationship (n=540). A model was run for each of the top three brands – Nike, Adidas, and Under Armour – while controlling for player factors and historical success of the program. The results suggest that Nike controls most of the data due to having the most sponsorships at the top schools but they had the lowest relationship with the “CLASSRANK” variable compared to Adidas and Under Armour, but the highest relationship with “COACHHASWONANATIONALCHAMPIONSHIP”, therefore concluding that top Nike schools get top recruits more because of the coach and program success versus the clothing brand.Master of Art

Essays on Performance Implications of Social Media for Established and Nascent Firms

The possibility of large-scale communication with stakeholders brought about by social media has made these new channels of communication an important arena for spending marketing budgets. Despite the increasing share of social media in firms’ marketing budget, there is significant heterogeneity in firms’ social media communication practices even within the same venue and among firms from the same industry. As such, there is need for more research on how firms can leverage social media to achieve better performance. In order to address this broad question, two essays have been designed and executed. The first essay utilizes integrated marketing communication as the theoretical lens to explores the implications of a unique opportunity offered by social media, that is, the ability to simultaneously broadcast to the mass audience (impersonal communication) and interact with individuals (personalized communication). Using a unique dataset, which includes the tweets, as well as financial data of S&P 500 firms present on Twitter, this essay reveals that the effects of communication modes are more intricate than a sole focus on the main effects would suggest. Complementing the first essay which focuses on established firms, the second essay explores the implications of social media communication for B2B new ventures. Building on the literature on strategic similarity and dissimilarity, and comparative linguistics, this essay demonstrates that the lingual similarity of a B2B new venture’s social media communications to those of its competitors and customers, can signal important information about the venture’s marketing capabilities, thus impacting its success in fundraising

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATHLETIC SPENDING AND INSTITUTIONAL ENROLLMENT MEASURES IN FCS ATHLETIC INSTITUTIONS

As university budgets face fiscal challenges, it is important that university leaders make smart fiduciary choices. University leaders are quick to argue that athletics act as a front porch for universities, are a fundamental part of collegiate life, and that increased athletic funding will lead to enrollment increases and higher quality applicant pools. Critics of athletic spending, on the other hand, argue that money spent on college sports could be spent in other areas of the university. Using a regression analysis similar to previous research, the purpose of this panel data regression analysis was to examine the relationship between intercollegiate athletics and college enrollment at FCS schools during the period between 2003 and 2015. Specifically, the researcher sought to examine whether institutional athletics expenditures had an impact on the total enrollments, number of applications, or quality of applicants at each of the universities within the Southland Conference. The results of this study showed virtually no relationships between athletic spending and any of the dependent variables under study. Instead, the findings of this research suggested that at the FCS level, institutional spending on athletics did not statistically significantly impact university enrollment, application or student quality measures

The Shifting Scheme of Athletic Fundraising: Investigating Private Giving Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

With a consistent decline in state funding to public higher education, institutions have become more reliant on private funding to institutional support. The shift in government policy through the introduction of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) (2017) created financial uncertainty within athletic departments and university foundations. The TCJA eliminated the 80 percent tax deduction on season ticket donations and increased the standard deduction. With these policy changes, athletic development officers speculated a decline in donations in 2018 and beyond. Using quantitative methodology and a longitudinal approach, this study examined athletic donations from January 1, 2013 to July 31, 2019 using multiple regression analyses to better understand the impacts of the TCJA on athletic giving patterns. The study concluded an overall reduction in the number of season ticket donors post-TCJA, an overall reduction in the number of split donors post-TCJA, and an overall reduction in the total number of donations post-TCJA. This study provides recommendations to athletic departments, development officers, university foundations, and donors to inform higher education fundraising activity under the current government policy

Exploring student-athlete support services at two NCAA Division I universities

The purpose of this study was to utilize an exploratory research design to help identify current student-athlete support services educational programs at two NCAA Division I institutions. The researcher considered the overall student-athlete experience by identifying and describing what resources student athlete support services provide, how student-athletes are or are not utilizing these services and applying high impact educational practices to these services. It is clear that just within a single division, overall athletic spending and funding can drastically vary across institutions. This overall discrepancy helped establish a cause for concern in the overall resources and educational programming received by Division I student-athletes. Two NCAA Division I institutions were studied using 24 semi-structured interviews with student-athletes and administrators and presented several themes including: (1) the utilization of structured programming as a driving force to student-athlete support services, (2) the student-athlete perspective on available support services and benefits, (3) the student-athlete barriers to utilizing student-athlete support services, (4) the student-athlete/athletics split campus “bubble” and (5) the implementation of high impact educational practices. The researcher also explore what services are missing and how they could be implemented in the intercollegiate athletics setting moving forward. The results presented are likely of importance to college administrators interested in understanding how to develop meaningful student-athlete support services directly related to high impact educational practices, while supporting student-athlete interests and constraints. For example, administrators can learn to establish programming for their students on campus and create a comfortable climate and connection between athletics student-athlete support services and on-campus resources while striving for positive outcomes in academic progress rates (APR), graduation success rates (GSR), and grade point averages (GPA)