"Household Responses for Pricing Garbage by the Bag,"

This paper estimates household reaction to the implementation of unit-pricing for the collection of residential garbage. We gather original data on weight and volume of weekly garbage and recycling of 75 households in Charlottesville, Virginia, both before and after the start of a program that requires an eighty-cent sticker on each bag of garbage. This data set is the first of its kind. We estimate household demands for the collection of garbage and recyclable material, the effect on density of household garbage, and the amount of illegal dumping by households. We also estimate the probability that a household chooses each method available to reduce its garbage. In response to the implementation of this unit-pricing program, we find that households (1) reduced the weight of their garbage by 14%, (2) reduced the volume of garbage by 37% and (3) increased the weight of their recyclable materials by 16%. We estimate that additional illegal -- or at least suspicious -- disposal accounts for 0.42 pounds per person per week, or 28% of the reduction in garbage observed at the curb.

Liveness-Based Garbage Collection for Lazy Languages

We consider the problem of reducing the memory required to run lazy first-order functional programs. Our approach is to analyze programs for liveness of heap-allocated data. The result of the analysis is used to preserve only live data---a subset of reachable data---during garbage collection. The result is an increase in the garbage reclaimed and a reduction in the peak memory requirement of programs. While this technique has already been shown to yield benefits for eager first-order languages, the lack of a statically determinable execution order and the presence of closures pose new challenges for lazy languages. These require changes both in the liveness analysis itself and in the design of the garbage collector. To show the effectiveness of our method, we implemented a copying collector that uses the results of the liveness analysis to preserve live objects, both evaluated (i.e., in WHNF) and closures. Our experiments confirm that for programs running with a liveness-based garbage collector, there is a significant decrease in peak memory requirements. In addition, a sizable reduction in the number of collections ensures that in spite of using a more complex garbage collector, the execution times of programs running with liveness and reachability-based collectors remain comparable

PERILAKU PETUGAS PENGUMPUL SAMPAH UNTUK MELINDUNGI DIRINYA DARI PENYAKIT BAWAAN SAMPAH DI WILAYAH PATANGPULUHAN YOGYAKARTA TAHUN 2009

Background : Human activities in using of nature always leaving the rest that are consideredare not useful anymore, so treated as waste products, namely garbage and waste. If the wasteis not managed properly, it will negatively impact health. Therefore there is need for theprevention of negative influences to avoid or use personal protective. The purpose of thisresearch is to know knowledge about the types of garbage collectors , the knowledge workers ofthe garbage collector garbage congenital diseases, and the behavior of garbage collectionworkers in protecting themselves against inherited diseases.Methods: This kind of research is the research evaluation, which includes the formativeevaluation (emphasis on process rather than product). While the research approach used isqualitative. Research subjects in this study are to garbage collectors officers Dumpster (TPS)which use pushcart. Data collection techniques will be used is the observation by participating(participation observation), and in-depth interviews (in-depth Interviewing). Techniques of dataanalysis performed using data reduction, data display the data verification.Conclusion : The conclusions to be drawn from this study are: First, knowledge about the typesof garbage collectors personal protection device which must be worn during most of the work isstill lacking. Second, the knowledge workers of the garbage collector garbage congenitaldiseases mostly still less understood. Third, the behavior of garbage collection workers inprotecting themselves against inherited diseases is less trash to the efforts carried out beforetouching the garbage, and is good for the efforts undertaken after touching garbage. All of themare supported by the lack or ignorance of understanding about self health (Hygiene Sanitation).Keywords: Behavior, personal protection device, congenital disease tras

Analisis Kebutuhan Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Dan Alat Pengangkut Sampah Di Kelurahan Kertapati Palembang

Garbage accumulation certainly has a negative impact on the surrounding environment so that an adequate waste management system is needed. Poor waste management will cause disease, flooding and reduce environmental beauty. In addition to polluting the environment, garbage can also pollute the soil if it is burned and make the soil unhealthy. The smoke from burning garbage will also cause respiratory problems for the surrounding community. Before transporting the waste to the Final Disposal Site (TPA), the garbage is first collected by means of collection, such as garbage carts that pick up trash from houses to Temporary Disposal Sites (TPS) . At this time, the need for TPS and waste transportation equipment in Kertapati Village, is still experiencing many problems. The small number of TPS makes people litter. Garbage that has been wrapped in plastic is thrown away along the median of the Kertapati Village Palembang road. The garbage that is in the median of the road will be taken by the Palembang City Sanitation Service officer using a dump truck to the final disposal site (TPA). Garbage collection is carried out twice, namely in the morning and evening. The accumulation of garbage occurs due to a lack of landfills and inadequate means of collecting garbage. The results show that the number of additional TPS needed in Kertapati Village Palembang in 2019 is 3 units with a projected waste generation of 36,246 m3 / day. In 2024, the demand for TPS in Kerapati Village will increase to 4 TPS units with a projected waste generation of 44.875 m3 / day. The waste collection tool needed in the Keratapati Village, in the planning is 3 units.  Keywords: Solid waste; Garbage Transport Syste

Beltway: Getting Around Garbage Collection Gridlock

We present the design and implementation of a new garbage collection framework that significantly generalizes existing copying collectors. The Beltway framework exploits and separates object age and incrementality. It groups objects in one or more increments on queues called belts, collects belts independently, and collects increments on a belt in first-in-first-out order. We show that Beltway configurations, selected by command line options, act and perform the same as semi-space, generational, and older-first collectors, and encompass all previous copying collectors of which we are aware. The increasing reliance on garbage collected languages such as Java requires that the collector perform well. We show that the generality of Beltway enables us to design and implement new collectors that are robust to variations in heap size and improve total execution time over the best generational copying collectors of which we are aware by up to 40%, and on average by 5 to 10%, for small to moderate heap sizes. New garbage collection algorithms are rare, and yet we define not just one, but a new family of collectors that subsumes previous work. This generality enables us to explore a larger design space and build better collectors

Compile-Time Optimisation of Store Usage in Lazy Functional Programs

Functional languages offer a number of advantages over their imperative counterparts. However, a substantial amount of the time spent on processing functional programs is due to the large amount of storage management which must be performed. Two apparent reasons for this are that the programmer is prevented from including explicit storage management operations in programs which have a purely functional semantics, and that more readable programs are often far from optimal in their use of storage. Correspondingly, two alternative approaches to the optimisation of store usage at compile-time are presented in this thesis. The first approach is called compile-time garbage collection. This approach involves determining at compile-time which cells are no longer required for the evaluation of a program, and making these cells available for further use. This overcomes the problem of a programmer not being able to indicate explicitly that a store cell can be made available for further use. Three different methods for performing compile-time garbage collection are presented in this thesis; compile-time garbage marking, explicit deallocation and destructive allocation. Of these three methods, it is found that destructive allocation is the only method which is of practical use. The second approach to the optimisation of store usage is called compile-time garbage avoidance. This approach involves transforming programs into semantically equivalent programs which produce less garbage at compile-time. This attempts to overcome the problem of more readable programs being far from optimal in their use of storage. In this thesis, it is shown how to guarantee that the process of compile-time garbage avoidance will terminate. Both of the described approaches to the optimisation of store usage make use of the information obtained by usage counting analysis. This involves counting the number of times each value in a program is used. In this thesis, a reference semantics is defined against which the correctness of usage counting analyses can be proved. A usage counting analysis is then defined and proved to be correct with respect to this reference semantics. The information obtained by this analysis is used to annotate programs for compile-time garbage collection, and to guide the transformation when compile-time garbage avoidance is performed. It is found that compile-time garbage avoidance produces greater increases in efficiency than compile-time garbage collection, but much of the garbage which can be collected by compile-time garbage collection cannot be avoided at compile-time. The two approaches are therefore complementary, and the expressions resulting from compile-time garbage avoidance transformations can be annotated for compile-time garbage collection to further optimise the use of storage

Garbage, Recycling, and Illicit Burning or Dumping

Additional solid waste disposal imposes resource and environmental costs, but most residents still pay no additional fee per marginal unit of garbage collection. In a simple model with garbage and recycling as the only two disposal options, we show that the optimizing fee for garbage collection equals the resource cost plus environmental cost. When illicit burning or dumping is a third disposal option, however, the optimizing fee for garbage collection can change sign. Burning or dumping is not a market activity and cannot be taxed directly, but it can be discouraged indirectly by a system with a tax on all output plus a rebate on proper disposal either through recycling or garbage collection. This optimizing fee structure is essentially a deposit-refund system. The output tax helps achieve the first-best allocation even though it may affect the choice between consumption and untaxed leisure, because consumption leads to disposal problems while leisure does not.

Garbage Collection and Sorting with a Mobile Manipulator using Deep Learning and Whole-Body Control

Domestic garbage management is an important aspect of a sustainable environment. This paper presents a novel garbage classification and localization system for grasping and placement in the correct recycling bin, integrated on a mobile manipulator. In particular, we first introduce and train a deep neural network (namely, GarbageNet) to detect different recyclable types of garbage. Secondly, we use a grasp localization method to identify a suitable grasp pose to pick the garbage from the ground. Finally, we perform grasping and sorting of the objects by the mobile robot through a whole-body control framework. We experimentally validate the method, both on visual RGB-D data and indoors on a real full-size mobile manipulator for collection and recycling of garbage items placed on the ground