River Ecological Restoration and Groundwater Artificial Recharge

Three of the eleven papers focused on groundwater recharge and its impacts on the groundwater regime, in which recharge was caused by riverbed leakage from river ecological restoration (artificial water replenishment). The issues of the hydrogeological parameters involved (such as the influence radius) were also reconsidered. Six papers focused on the impact of river ecological replenishment and other human activities on river and watershed ecology, and on groundwater quality and use function. The issues of ecological security at the watershed scale and deterioration of groundwater quality were of particular concern. Two papers focused on water resources carrying capacity and water resources reallocation at the regional scale, in the context of the fact that ecological water demand has been a significant topic of concern. The use of unconventional water resources such as brackish water has been emphasized in the research in this issue

Assessing the Viability of Heuristic Predictive Control for Integrated Urban Drainage Systems

The implementation of real time control (RTC) in integrated urban drainage systems (IUDS) has been extensively explored in numerous studies, with the purpose of improving its performance, particularly, during storm occurrences. This approach frequently focuses on volume-based control, to minimize combined sewer overflows (CSOs) volume and investment costs in CSO controlling and new infrastructures intended to manage these incidents and mitigate polluted discharges into the receiving watercourses. Among the different RTC strategies, heuristic and optimization-based control can be distinguished from the research work available, such as rule based RTC (RB-RTC) and model predictive control (MPC), respectively. To enhance the viability of RTC, rainfall forecasting has been introduced in the IUDS, to assess the possible combination with RTC and the benefits and risks that derive from it, considering these forecasts are associated with uncertainties. Despite the reasonable results obtained for both control strategies in CSO controlling, only optimization-based control has been combined with rainfall forecasts. This dissertation assesses the potential of heuristic predictive control in IUDS, by combining RB RTC with real radar rainfall forecast and applying it to a case study in the Netherlands. An existent full-integrated catchment model built for the IUDS selected for this study was used and sufficiently calibrated to deliver reasonable results compared with monitoring data. The accuracy of the real radar rainfall forecast was evaluated and, when compared with observed rainfall data, it correctly predicts a considerable amount of storm occurrences. One of the two heuristic control strategies developed proved to be beneficial for the performance of the IUDS, contributing for CSO volume reduction and avoiding the overcharge of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This can potentially increase the quality of the receiving watercourses, prevent urban flooding and maximize the efficiency of the WWTP operation. Finally, recommendations, to further improve and explore heuristic predictive control, are provided.A implementação de controlo em tempo real (RTC) nos sistemas de drenagem urbanos integrados (IUDS) tem sido investigada com o propósito de melhorar o seu desempenho, particularmente, durante eventos de precipitação. Esta abordagem baseia-se maioritariamente na minimização do volume das descargas de emergência (CSOs) e dos custos de investimento no controlo de CSO e em novas infraestruturas projetadas para mitigar estas ocorrências e a deterioração dos emissários. As estratégias de RTC podem ser fundamentalmente baseadas em controlo heurístico e de otimização, distinguindo-se o RTC baseado em regras (RB-RTC) e modelo de controlo preditivo (MPC), respetivamente. Embora esteja associada a incertezas, a previsão de precipitação foi introduzida em IUDS para investigar a sua combinação com o RTC, nomeadamente os benefícios e os riscos. Estas estratégias apresentam resultados razoáveis relativamente ao controlo de CSO, mas, apenas as de otimização foram aplicadas com previsões. Esta dissertação avalia o potencial do controlo preditivo heurístico em IUDS, através da aplicação de RB-RTC com previsão de precipitação por radar num estudo de caso nos Países Baixos. Para isso, um modelo de drenagem urbana desenvolvido para o IUDS selecionado para este estudo foi utilizado e suficientemente calibrado para produzir resultados razoáveis, comparativamente a medições de monitorização. A precisão da previsão também foi avaliada e comparada com medições, e a mesma prevê corretamente um número considerável de eventos de precipitação. Uma das duas estratégias de controlo heurístico desenvolvidas demonstrou constituir um benefício para um melhor desempenho dos IUDS, uma vez que contribui para a redução do volume de CSO e evita a sobrecarga da estação de tratamento de águas residuais (WWTP). Esta estratégia pode também contribuir para um aumento da qualidade dos emissários, prevenir inundações urbanas e maximizar a eficiência da operação das WWTP. Por fim, são disponibilizadas recomendações para investigar e melhorar o controlo preditivo heurístico

Optimisation of a water company’s waste pumping asset base with a focus on energy reduction

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonWater companies use a significant quantity of electricity for the operation of their clean and wastewater assets. Rising energy prices have led to higher energy bills within the water companies, which has increased operating costs. Thus, improvements in demand side energy management are needed to increase efficiency and reduce costs, which forms the premise for this research project. Thames Water Utilities Ltd has identified that improvements in demand side energy management is required and is currently researching various methods to reduce energy consumption. One initiative included the upgrade of a variety of site telemetry assets. By deploying these new telemetry assets, Thames Water Utilities Ltd are more able to liberate the asset data and as such, be able to make informed decisions on how better to control and optimise the target sites, which is where this research project has seen further opportunities. This enhanced telemetry and SCADA infrastructure will enable successful research to further develop an intelligent integrated system that tackles pump scheduling and process control with the emphasis on energy management. The use of modern techniques, such as artificial intelligence, to optimise the network operation is gradually gaining traction. The balance between implementing new technology (with the benefits it may bring) and reluctance to change from the incumbent operating model will always provide challenges in the technology adoption agenda. The main work of this research project included the physical surveying of a wastewater hydraulic catchment, inclusive of all wet well dimensions, lidar overlays, and pump electrical power characteristics. These survey results where then able to be programmed by the research into the company’s' hydraulic model to enable a higher degree of accuracy in the modelling, as well as enabling electrical power as a measurable output. From here, the model was then able to be optimised, focussing on electrical energy as an output variable for reduction. The research concluded that electrical energy consumption over time can be reduced using the aforementioned strategies and as such recommends further work to move from the model environment to physical architecture. It does so with the key message that risk tolerances on water levels must be pre-agreed with hydraulic specialists prior to deployment

Sediment transport in pressure pipes

Sewage pumping stations (PS) with flow control increase the risk of sediment formation inside the pressure pipe due to reduced flow velocitys. The transport of solids was investigated for a PS in northern Germany by means of laboratory tests (sedimentation & erosion), an online total suspended solids measurement and a 1D sediment transport simulation. The results have shown very slow settling processes and extremely low critical bed shear stresses for remobilization. Finally, the present work demonstrated that safe operation of the sewer system and energy-efficient pump control are compatible.Abwasserpumpstationen mit Durchflussregelung erhöhen das Risiko der Ablagerungsbildung in der Druckleitung aufgrund reduzierter Fließgeschwindigkeit. Für eine Pumpstation in Norddeutschland wurde mit Hilfe von Laborversuchen (Sedimentation, Erosion), einer Online-Feststoffmessung und einer 1D-Sedimenttransportsimulation das Feststofftransportverhalten untersucht. Es zeigten sich sehr langsame Sedimentationsvorgänge und extrem niedrige Erosionsschubspannungen. Schließlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein sicherer Betrieb der Druckleitung und eine energieeffiziente Pumpensteuerung vereinbar sind

Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks

The Special Issue on Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks (UWNs) explores four important topics of research in the context of UWNs: asset management, modeling of demand and hydraulics, energy recovery, and pipe burst identification and leakage reduction. In the first topic, the multi-objective optimization of interventions on the network is presented to find trade-off solutions between costs and efficiency. In the second topic, methodologies are presented to simulate and predict demand and to simulate network behavior in emergency scenarios. In the third topic, a methodology is presented for the multi-objective optimization of pump-as-turbine (PAT) installation sites in transmission mains. In the fourth topic, methodologies for pipe burst identification and leakage reduction are presented. As for the urban drainage systems (UDSs), the two explored topics are asset management, with a system upgrade to reduce flooding, and modeling of flow and water quality, with analyses on the transition from surface to pressurized flow, impact of water use reduction on the operation of UDSs, and sediment transport in pressurized pipes. The Special Issue also includes one paper dealing with the hydraulic modeling of an urban river with a complex cross-section

Pathways to Water Sector Decarbonization, Carbon Capture and Utilization

The water sector is in the middle of a paradigm shift from focusing on treatment and meeting discharge permit limits to integrated operation that also enables a circular water economy via water reuse, resource recovery, and system level planning and operation. While the sector has gone through different stages of such revolution, from improving energy efficiency to recovering renewable energy and resources, when it comes to the next step of achieving carbon neutrality or negative emission, it falls behind other infrastructure sectors such as energy and transportation. The water sector carries tremendous potential to decarbonize, from technological advancements, to operational optimization, to policy and behavioural changes. This book aims to fill an important gap for different stakeholders to gain knowledge and skills in this area and equip the water community to further decarbonize the industry and build a carbon-free society and economy. The book goes beyond technology overviews, rather it aims to provide a system level blueprint for decarbonization. It can be a reference book and textbook for graduate students, researchers, practitioners, consultants and policy makers, and it will provide practical guidance for stakeholders to analyse and implement decarbonization measures in their professions

Pathways to Water Sector Decarbonization, Carbon Capture and Utilization

The water sector is in the middle of a paradigm shift from focusing on treatment and meeting discharge permit limits to integrated operation that also enables a circular water economy via water reuse, resource recovery, and system level planning and operation. While the sector has gone through different stages of such revolution, from improving energy efficiency to recovering renewable energy and resources, when it comes to the next step of achieving carbon neutrality or negative emission, it falls behind other infrastructure sectors such as energy and transportation. The water sector carries tremendous potential to decarbonize, from technological advancements, to operational optimization, to policy and behavioural changes. This book aims to fill an important gap for different stakeholders to gain knowledge and skills in this area and equip the water community to further decarbonize the industry and build a carbon-free society and economy. The book goes beyond technology overviews, rather it aims to provide a system level blueprint for decarbonization. It can be a reference book and textbook for graduate students, researchers, practitioners, consultants and policy makers, and it will provide practical guidance for stakeholders to analyse and implement decarbonization measures in their professions

中国浙江省における農村廃水のリサイクルと計画に関する研究

With the rapid development of industrialization in Zhejiang province and the change of rural residents\u27 lifestyle, a large amount of domestic and industrial wastewater is generated in rural areas.Based on this, this paper takes Shangyu which is the rural area in Zhejiang province as the research object, based on the survey data of water resources and water environment, point pollution sources and surface pollution sources, water function zoning was implemented and the estimation of pollutant input was analyzed.Studied the use of membrane separation technology in the recycling of water resources and the conversion of salt in wastewater into resource.And the electrodialysis bipolar membrane technology was applied to the high-salt leachate recovery process of Shangyu rural landfill.And new sewage scale and area as well as the amount of construction work for the main sewage pipe and the main network of the sewage system is proposed.北九州市立大

Pathways to Water Sector Decarbonization, Carbon Capture and Utilization

The water sector is in the middle of a paradigm shift from focusing on treatment and meeting discharge permit limits to integrated operation that also enables a circular water economy via water reuse, resource recovery, and system level planning and operation. While the sector has gone through different stages of such revolution, from improving energy efficiency to recovering renewable energy and resources, when it comes to the next step of achieving carbon neutrality or negative emission, it falls behind other infrastructure sectors such as energy and transportation. The water sector carries tremendous potential to decarbonize, from technological advancements, to operational optimization, to policy and behavioural changes. This book aims to fill an important gap for different stakeholders to gain knowledge and skills in this area and equip the water community to further decarbonize the industry and build a carbon-free society and economy. The book goes beyond technology overviews, rather it aims to provide a system level blueprint for decarbonization. It can be a reference book and textbook for graduate students, researchers, practitioners, consultants and policy makers, and it will provide practical guidance for stakeholders to analyse and implement decarbonization measures in their professions