Eräiden tekijännimien siirtymisestä ea-adjektiivien malliin

Overlapping of inflectional types: agentive and adjectival derivatives in Finnish dialects (englanti

Typology, chronology, and phonetic mechanisms of Finnic secondary gemination in the light of Soikkola Ingrian acoustic data

Secondary gemination is a remarkable but little-known phonological process of singleton consonant lengthening into geminates in certain prosodic positions in Finnic languages. Its phonetic premises, typology, and chronology are still understudied. The aim of the paper is twofold. First, it summarises the main facts about secondary gemination and its place within general prosodic tendencies observed in Finnic languages. Second, it uses acoustic data from Soikkola Ingrian, which manifests one of the most developed Finnic systems of secondary gemination, to argue about the relative chronology and phonetic mechanisms of this gemination. The conclusion is that the phonetic duration of phonologised secondary geminates cannot be used as an argument for their age, because, as our acoustic data in [1] showed, their duration is regulated by compensatory stress-induced shortening as a function of the foot structure. On the other hand, the atypical prosodic positions of trisyllabic secondary gemination in Soikkola Ingrian can indeed suggest the younger age of this particular type of gemination

Areal relations of Indo-European loanwords in Finnic dialects

The areas of the distribution of Indo-European loanwords in Finnic dialects are described on many lexical maps of the Atlas Linguarum Fennicarum and the Atlas Linguarum Europae. The maps of those atlases offer an opportunity to follow the post-formational contacts of the languages. The analysis of the spread of loanwords makes it possible to find the main routes and centres of Indo-European innovations in Finnic dialects and discuss the reasons for the different sources of the influences. Sometimes, the Finnic area has been a boundary zone for several widespread Indo- European stems coming from different directions. Often the area distribution of dialect words is etymologically suggestive, but the source language depends on the concept. The differences in the use of stems with the same Indo-European origin in different Finnic languages may, at least partly, be due to the words having been borrowed at different times and from different donor languages.Kokkuvõte. Vilja Oja: Indoeuroopa laensõnade levikust läänemeresoome keelte murretes. Kõigi läänemeresoome keelte murdesõnu koos on kaardistatud keeleatlastes “Atlas Linguarum Fennicarum” ja “Atlas Linguarum Europae”. Murdesõnade levilad ei kattu enamasti keelealadega. Atlaste kaartidel näeme alasid, kus eesti murretes on levinud (alam)saksa, rootsi, läti ja vene laensõnad, soome murretes rootsi ja vene laenud ning isuri, vadja, karjala ja vepsa keeles vene laenud või samad germaani algupäraga sõnad nagu soome või eesti keeles. Palju indoeuroopa laene seostub kaubandussuhetega ja siinmail valitsenud võõrvõimudega. Laenuallika määratlemisel arvestatakse sõna sisu ja laenamise aega. Osa rootsi sõnu on eesti, karjala, isuri ja vadja murretesse laenatud soome keelest. Saksa sõnu on isuri ja vadja murretesse levinud soome ja eesti keelest. Saksa laenudel liivi keeles leidub lätipäraseid jooni. Sõnalevikud näitavad, et soome keel kuulub sagedamini lääne, karjala ja vepsa murded ida mõjusfääri. Eesti ja liivi keeles on laene mõlemast suunast. Isuri ja vadja murretes kajastuvad kolme naaberkeele – soome, eesti ja vene mõjutused.Märksõnad: murdesõnavara, indoeuroopa laenud, keeleatlased, läänemeresoome keele

Finnic adjectives for ‘tall’

In Finnic languages, the height of a tall person is described by the adjectives pitkä, korkea, suuri, iso and tobie, or their dialectal variants. The first three occur through out the whole language group, carrying several meanings and serving to characterize many different objects, but in a general case their meanings do not coincide. The Finnic iso and the Karelian tobie are synonyms of the adjective suuri. An analysis of their semantic relations and areal distribution has revealed that their areas in the sense of ‘tall’ (of a person) differ considerably from their general areas. The use of the adjectives korkea and suuri seems to be influenced by Indo-European contacts. The word tobie may be a Russian loanword in which a semantic change has taken place. As all of the words mentioned are multifunctional, the simple adjectives are often specified by being used in a compound construction where the final component has the stem kasvu- ‘stature’. This is especially appropriate in the case of the words meaning ‘big’ and referring to either height or adulthood. Such phrases or compounds are more frequent in the eastern part of the Finnic area, but they also occur in Estonian dialects. An analogous form of expression is used in Russian

Itämerensuomen varieteettien sisäiset kontaktit ja sanastolliset suhteet Länsi-Inkerissä ja Koillis-Virossa

Summary in Finnish and in EstonianThe aim of this article is 1) to describe the historical language contact situation between the genetically closely related Finnic varieties of western Ingria, 2) to give examples of the numerous loanwords originating from mutual contacts among local Finnic varieties as well as areal diffusion, and 3) to discuss the method of investigating contacts and borrowing among closely related varieties. The data are taken from old dialectal materials published in vocabularies and dictionaries as well as preserved in archives. The words that are analysed and discussed etymologically in more detail are drawn from Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian. Although it is often difficult to confirm the direction of borrowing among closely related varieties, I seek to determine the direction of diffusion in the varieties whose development cannot be described merely in terms of a traditional binary family tree model. Examples of mutual borrowing between Vote, Ingrian, Estonian, and Finnish are presented. Estonian loanwords in Vote and Ingrian can usually be recognised by their distribution. Most vocabulary originating as loans (in Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian) has been borrowed from Finnish. Loans in both Vote and Estonian often have a distribution not only in Ingrian but also in Finnish. Because of the phonetic similarity of these varieties, the donor variety usually cannot be defined. Vote loanwords occur only sporadically in Ingrian and Estonian: they may also form a substratum. The speakers of Finnic varieties in western Ingria used to live in old rural communities with long-term plurilingualism, villages with a mixed population, and vague language boundaries. The arrival of new inhabitants from the countries, which ruled this area and the foundation of St. Petersburg in 1703 changed the ethnographic balance between different peoples in Ingria. This increased linguistic diversity and altered the hierarchy of the languages leading gradually to accelerating language and identity shift of the local peoples of Ingria. [Summary in Finnish and in Estonian][Tiivistelmä suomeksi ja viroksi]The aim of this article is 1) to describe the historical language contact situation between the genetically closely related Finnic varieties of western Ingria, 2) to give examples of the numerous loanwords originating from mutual contacts among local Finnic varieties as well as areal diffusion, and 3) to discuss the method of investigating contacts and borrowing among closely related varieties. The data are taken from old dialectal materials published in vocabularies and dictionaries as well as preserved in archives. The words that are analysed and discussed etymologically in more detail are drawn from Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian. Although it is often difficult to confirm the direction of borrowing among closely related varieties, I seek to determine the direction of diffusion in the varieties whose development cannot be described merely in terms of a traditional binary family tree model. Examples of mutual borrowing between Vote, Ingrian, Estonian, and Finnish are presented. Estonian loanwords in Vote and Ingrian can usually be recognised by their distribution. Most vocabulary originating as loans (in Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian) has been borrowed from Finnish. Loans in both Vote and Estonian often have a distribution not only in Ingrian but also in Finnish. Because of the phonetic similarity of these varieties, the donor variety usually cannot be defined. Vote loanwords occur only sporadically in Ingrian and Estonian: they may also form a substratum. The speakers of Finnic varieties in western Ingria used to live in old rural communities with long-term plurilingualism, villages with a mixed population, and vague language boundaries. The arrival of new inhabitants from the countries, which ruled this area and the foundation of St. Petersburg in 1703 changed the ethnographic balance between different peoples in Ingria. This increased linguistic diversity and altered the hierarchy of the languages leading gradually to accelerating language and identity shift of the local peoples of Ingria. [Summary in Finnish and in Estonian]Peer reviewe

Morphological change and the influence of language contacts in Estonian

Estonian is an illustrative example of a modern language that was intensively influenced by morphological attrition and foreign interfernce during the last millennium. The most salient typological differences of Estonian with respect to northern Finnic languages such as Finnish, Karelian and Veps are based on the loss of several important suffixes, in particular those of certain grammatical cases. This article discusses the interliaison of morphological and contact-induced change in the evidence of Estonian inflectional case system, case syncretism and certain adverbial constructions. The main hypothesis is that diachronic changes often do not happen independently of one another and endogenous and contact-induced changes in Estonian affect the same functional domains. The conclusions of this article are mainly based on language-specific analysis and most of the data is drawn from Estonian. Nevertheless, there are certain parallels between case syncretism in Estonian, Vote and South-West Finnish dialects that will be used for comparative evidence. Convergent changes suggest that a particular morphological change does not inevitably have identical consequences even in genetically closely related languages.numbered, too, please let me know.Peer reviewe

Number agreement, dependency length, and word order in Finnish traditional dialects

In this paper, we research the interaction of number agreement, dependency length, and word order between the subject and the verb in Finnish traditional dialects. While in standard Finnish the verb always agrees with the subject in person and number, in traditional dialects it does not always agree in number with a third person plural subject. We approach this variation with data from The Finnish Dialect Syntax Archive, focusing here on plural lexical subjects. We use generalized linear mixed effects modelling to model variation in number agreement and use as as a predictor the dependency length between the subject and the verb, building in word order as part of this measure. Variation across lemmas, individuals, and dialects is addressed via random grouping factors. Finite verb and the main lexical verb are considered as alternative reference points for dependency length and agreement. The results suggest that the probability of number agreement increases as the distance of the preverbal subject from the verb increases, but the trend is the opposite for postverbal subjects so that the probability of number agreement decreases as the distance of the subject from the verb increases.Peer reviewe

Macro- and Microevolution of Languages: Exploring Linguistic Divergence with Approaches from Evolutionary Biology

There are more than 7000 languages in the world, and many of these have emerged through linguistic divergence. While questions related to the drivers of linguistic diversity have been studied before, including studies with quantitative methods, there is no consensus as to which factors drive linguistic divergence, and how. In the thesis, I have studied linguistic divergence with a multidisciplinary approach, applying the framework and quantitative methods of evolutionary biology to language data. With quantitative methods, large datasets may be analyzed objectively, while approaches from evolutionary biology make it possible to revisit old questions (related to, for example, the shape of the phylogeny) with new methods, and adopt novel perspectives to pose novel questions. My chief focus was on the effects exerted on the speakers of a language by environmental and cultural factors. My approach was thus an ecological one, in the sense that I was interested in how the local environment affects humans and whether this human-environment connection plays a possible role in the divergence process. I studied this question in relation to the Uralic language family and to the dialects of Finnish, thus covering two different levels of divergence. However, as the Uralic languages have not previously been studied using quantitative phylogenetic methods, nor have population genetic methods been previously applied to any dialect data, I first evaluated the applicability of these biological methods to language data. I found the biological methodology to be applicable to language data, as my results were rather similar to traditional views as to both the shape of the Uralic phylogeny and the division of Finnish dialects. I also found environmental conditions, or changes in them, to be plausible inducers of linguistic divergence: whether in the first steps in the divergence process, i.e. dialect divergence, or on a large scale with the entire language family. My findings concerning Finnish dialects led me to conclude that the functional connection between linguistic divergence and environmental conditions may arise through human cultural adaptation to varying environmental conditions. This is also one possible explanation on the scale of the Uralic language family as a whole. The results of the thesis bring insights on several different issues in both a local and a global context. First, they shed light on the emergence of the Finnish dialects. If the approach used in the thesis is applied to the dialects of other languages, broader generalizations may be drawn as to the inducers of linguistic divergence. This again brings us closer to understanding the global patterns of linguistic diversity. Secondly, the quantitative phylogeny of the Uralic languages, with estimated times of language divergences, yields another hypothesis as to the shape and age of the language family tree. In addition, the Uralic languages can now be added to the growing list of language families studied with quantitative methods. This will allow broader inferences as to global patterns of language evolution, and more language families can be included in constructing the tree of the world’s languages. Studying history through language, however, is only one way to illuminate the human past. Therefore, thirdly, the findings of the thesis, when combined with studies of other language families, and those for example in genetics and archaeology, bring us again closer to an understanding of human history.Monet maailman yli 7000 kielestä ovat syntyneet erkaantumisprosessin kautta. Tällöin yhdestä kielestä muotoutuu eri tekijöiden vaikutuksesta aikojen saatossa useampia kieliä. Kielten erkaantumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä on tutkittu aiemminkin ja myös laskennallisia menetelmiä käyttäen. Vielä on kuitenkin epäselvää mitkä kaikki tekijät voivat vaikuttaa kielten erkaantumiseen ja miten. Tutkin väitöskirjassani kielten erkaantumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Lähestymistapani on monitieteinen, sillä sovellan laskennallisia evoluutiobiologian menetelmiä ja teorioita kieliaineistoon. Laskennalliset menetelmät mahdollistavat suurien aineistojen objektiivisen analysoinnin, kun taas evoluutiobiologisen lähestymistavan avulla voin muodostaa uudenlaisia tutkimuskysymyksiä ja käyttää uusia menetelmiä vastatakseni aiemmin esitettyihin kysymyksiin (esimerkiksi sukupuun muotoon liittyen). Tutkimuksessani keskityin selvittämään kielten erkaantumista ihmisen ekologian kannalta. Toisin sanoen olin kiinnostunut ympäristö- ja/tai kulttuuritekijöiden vaikutuksesta kielenpuhujiin ja siitä, voiko tämä kytkös olla osallisena kielten erkaantumisprosessissa. Tutkin kysymystä tämän prosessin kahdessa eri vaiheessa: sen alussa ennen kuin eriytyminen on kokonaan tapahtunut, ja sen jo tapahduttua. Murteiden eriytyminen vastaa prossessin alkuvaihetta, ja tutkin sitä suomen kielen murreaineistoa käyttäen. Tapahtuneita erkaantumisia tutkin sukupuista, joita tein uralilaisten kielten sanastoaineistosta. Koska uralilaisia kieliä ei ole aiemmin tutkittu vastaavanlaisin laskennallisin menetelmin eikä käyttämiäni populaatiogenetiikan menetelmiä ole käytetty aiemmin mihinkään murreaineistoon, testasin aluksi näiden menetelmien soveltuvuutta aineistojeni analysointiin. Totesin biologisten menetelmien soveltuvan kieliaineiston analysointiin, sillä tulokseni vastasivat perinteisiä näkemyksiä sekä uralilaisen sukupuun muodosta että suomen murrejaosta. Lisäksi havaitsin, että erot ympäristöoloissa mahdollisesti vaikuttavat kielten erkaantumiseen. Tämä oli havaittavissa niin eriytymisprosessin varhaisissa vaiheissa murteiden välillä kuin myös koko kieliryhmän eriytymisiä tutkittaessa. Koska ihmisten tiedetään usein sopeutuvan vallitseviin ympäristöolosuhteisiin kulttuurisopeumien avulla, päättelin murretutkimusteni tuloksista, että juuri kieltenpuhujien kulttuurinen sopeutuminen paikallisiin ympäristöolosuhteisiin saattaisi toimia puhujapopulaatioita erottavana tekijänä ja täten kytköksenä ympäristöerojen ja kielellisen erkaantumisen välillä. Tämä voisi mahdollisesti selittää myös uralilaisten kielten erkaantumisia. Väitöstutkimukseni tulokset tuovat uusia näkemyksiä kielten erkaantumiseen niin paikallisella kuin maailmanlaajuisellakin tasolla. Havaintoni ympäristöerojen mahdollisesta vaikutuksesta suomen murteiden muotoutumisessa herättää kysymyksen löytöni yleistettävyydestä myös muihin kieliin ja niiden murteisiin. Koska murteiden erkaantuminen on ensimmäinen vaihe kielen eriytymisprosessissa, on murteiden muotoutumista tutkimalla mahdollista myös selvittää, mitkä tekijät ovat aikaansaaneet maailmanlaajuisen kielten kirjon. Tästä syystä tarvitaan vastaavanlaisia tutkimuksia myös muiden kielten murteista. Esitän väitöskirjassani myös uralilaisten kielten laskennallisesti tehdyn sukupuun, jota voidaan verrata vastaavilla menetelmillä tehtyihin muiden kieliryhmien puihin. Tämän vertailun kautta on mahdollista selvittää onko kielisukupuiden muodossa jotain maailmanlaajuisia säännönmukaisuuksia, josta voi edelleen tehdä päätelmiä kieliin vaikuttavista lainalaisuuksista. Ihmiskunnan historian ja esihistorian selvittäminen on haasteellinen palapeli, jossa eri tieteenalojen palasia yhteen sovittelemalla voidaan päästä lähemmäksi yleistä ymmärrystä menneisyydestä. Väitöstutkimukseni on pieni osa tätä kokonaisuutta, mutta yhdistelemällä havaintojani niin muista kieliryhmistä tehtyihin havaintoihin kuin myös esimerkiksi arkeologian ja genetiikan tuloksiin, olemme taas askeleen lähempänä tätä tavoitetta.Siirretty Doriast

Havaintoja hän- ja he-pronominien käytöstä suomen murteissa

On the use of the 3rd person pronouns in Finnish dialects (englanti)Kielenaineksethe (kieli: suomi, sivulla: 389-)hän (kieli: suomi, sivulla: 389-)ne (kieli: suomi, sivulla: 389-

When Finnish and Karelian person systems come together: Comparing open person constructions in Border Karelian dialects

Abstract. This article is a contribution to the recent discussion on open reference and especially on open second-person singular usage in Finnish and other European languages. The article focuses on four referentially open person constructions – namely the zero construction, the necessive construction, the second-person singular construction, and the imperative construction – and their interplay and variation in spoken discourse in Border Karelian dialects. The aim of this article is three-fold. First and foremost, it argues that the aforementioned open person constructions are fundamentally four separate types. Second, it aims to expand the on-going discussion on open reference in Finnish by introducing the person system of its closely related but highly endangered cognate language, Karelian. Third, it raises the following question: In a wider Finnic context, is the zero construction, above all, a Finnish way of leaving the reference open and unspecified? Kokkuvõte. Milla Uusitupa: Kui soome ja karjala isikusüsteemid kohtuvad: avatud isikukonstruktsioonide võrdlus piiriala karjala murretes. Artikkel on täiendus hiljutisele diskussioonile avatud viitesuhtest ja eriti avatud ainsuse teise isiku kasutusest soome keeles ja teistes Euroopa keeltes. Artikkel keskendub neljale avatud viitesuhtega isikukonstruktsioonile – nullkonstruktsioon, netsessiivkonstruktsioon, ainsuse teise isiku ja imperatiivkonstruktsioon – ning nende vastastikusele mõjule ja varieerumisele piiriala karjala murrete suulises diskursuses. Artiklil on kolm eesmärki. Esimene ja peamine eesmärk on osutada, et eelmainitud avatud isikukonstruktsioonid moodustavad neli põhitüüpi. Teiseks, artikkel laiendab käimasolevat diskussiooni avatud viitesuhtest soome keeles, tutvustades ohustatud lähisugulaskeele, karjala keele isikusüsteemi. Kolmandaks tõstatab artikkel küsimuse, kas läänemeresoome keelte kontekstis on nullkonstruktsioon just soome keelele omane viis jätta viitesuhe avatuks ja täpsustamata