A programmable microsystem using system-on-chip for real-time biotelemetry

A telemetry microsystem, including multiple sensors, integrated instrumentation and a wireless interface has been implemented. We have employed a methodology akin to that for System-on-Chip microelectronics to design an integrated circuit instrument containing several "intellectual property" blocks that will enable convenient reuse of modules in future projects. The present system was optimized for low-power and included mixed-signal sensor circuits, a programmable digital system, a feedback clock control loop and RF circuits integrated on a 5 mm × 5 mm silicon chip using a 0.6 μm, 3.3 V CMOS process. Undesirable signal coupling between circuit components has been investigated and current injection into sensitive instrumentation nodes was minimized by careful floor-planning. The chip, the sensors, a magnetic induction-based transmitter and two silver oxide cells were packaged into a 36 mm × 12 mm capsule format. A base station was built in order to retrieve the data from the microsystem in real-time. The base station was designed to be adaptive and timing tolerant since the microsystem design was simplified to reduce power consumption and size. The telemetry system was found to have a packet error rate of 10<sup>-</sup><sup>3</sup> using an asynchronous simplex link. Trials in animal carcasses were carried out to show that the transmitter was as effective as a conventional RF device whilst consuming less power

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy is energy generated from natural resources - such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat - which are naturally replenished. In 2008, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation), followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed with 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The book provides a forum for dissemination and exchange of up - to - date scientific information on theoretical, generic and applied areas of knowledge. The topics deal with new devices and circuits for energy systems, photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind energy systems, tidal and wave energy, fuel cell systems, bio energy and geo-energy, sustainable energy resources and systems, energy storage systems, energy market management and economics, off-grid isolated energy systems, energy in transportation systems, energy resources for portable electronics, intelligent energy power transmission, distribution and inter - connectors, energy efficient utilization, environmental issues, energy harvesting, nanotechnology in energy, policy issues on renewable energy, building design, power electronics in energy conversion, new materials for energy resources, and RF and magnetic field energy devices

탄소/에폭시 수리를 위한 복합재 프린터

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 기계항공공학부,2020. 2. 안성훈.Carbon-fiber composites are widely used in airplanes, and the development of electric vehicles has spurred demand as interest in light materials has increased concurrently. Thus, researchers have begun to study how users of these products repair them, but the properties of fiber composites make it difficult to measure the level of destruction in repaired areas. The repair process is usually based on hand-lay-up. The success of this method depends on the repairer's proficiency, and it takes much labor and time to cut carbon fibers according to the size and shape of the repair part. Furthermore, the post-curing process also takes a long time, regardless of the size of the repair area. This can lead to a large amount of waste when repairing small components, such as the surfaces of car parts. Another issue is how best to evaluate the repaired area. If monitoring the life cycle or deformation of the component is conducted, even after the repair has been carried it, the user can anticipate and prepare for repairs based on strain sensor data. Studies of large equipment, such as conventional airplanes, and the use of automated tape layering (ATL) to make large carbon composite materials have been actively underway since 2016. However, most previous research has been aimed at producing large carbon-fiber composite materials and reducing the ᅮ waste and labor required for repair processes. However, there are no automated processes for smallscale repairs. Various small devices, from vehicles to mobile phones, use composites and thus require appropriate repair processes. Studies focusing on these issues are still lacking. In this study, we developed a rapid curing carbon-fiber composite printer. This can achieve a uniform fiber composite by automating the fiber laying method. A rapid curing device using Joule heat is used for local repairs. The repair time is reduced by mounting the rapid curing device on the printer. The proposed printing system is validated by comparing the recovery rates of undamaged specimens and double-lap repaired specimens. These repaired samples achieve uniform quality following repeated repair, and are thus superior to conventional hand-lay-up repaired samples. The use of the rapid curing system improved the recovery rate by 93% or more in the double lap test. As mentioned previously, the variables used to describe the repair performance, which may vary depending on the technician's proficiency, are stabilized under our system. The rapid curing is also optimized by mounting a feedback system between the temperature and electric power. This achieves uniform recovery rates, regardless of user proficiency. Non-destructive testing is also possible if we attach highly sensitive nanoparticle sensors to the device. The quality of the repair is assessed based on the life cycle and deformation of adhesive repair patches, which are evaluated using the proposed sensors. In this study, we propose the use of a rapid curing carbon composite printer and nanoparticle sensors. We expect that the composite printer developed in our research can be used to support the development of carbon composite applications in industries such as electric vehicles and airplanes.탄소 섬유 복합재의 수요는 비행기 산업 및 풍력 발전 산업 등에서 많이 사용되어 왔으며, 전기차의 발전으로 인해 경량소재에 대한 관심 또한 증가하면서 더욱 많은 수요가 발생하였다. 이에 따라 이 제품들을 사용하는 사용자들의 수리방법에 대한 연구가 진행되어왔으며, 섬유 복합재의 특성상 수리된 부위의 파괴수준을 측정하기 어렵고, 이를 확인한 후에도 수리과정이 작업자의 손을 이용한 작업이 주된 방법이다. 이 방법은 수리자의 숙련도에 크게 수리의 성능이 좌우되는 방법이며, 수리부위의 크기와 형태에 따라 탄소 섬유를 재단하는데 큰 노동과 시간이 들어간다. 또한 복합재의 다른 특성인 후경화 과정은 수리과정에서 긴 시간을 요구하며, 이는 수리 부위의 크기와 상관없이 긴 시간이 걸리기 때문에 자동차 부분 파손 혹은 휴대폰 외관 수리와 같은 작은 파트를 수리하는 부분에 있어 큰 낭비가 될 수 있다. 수리를 완료한 이후에도 이 수리부의 수명이나 변형을 측정함으로써, 사용자가 파손을 예측하고 대비하고 정도에 따라 수리과정을 준비할 방법 또한 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 위와 같은 문제들에 대하여 사람의 손으로 진행해야 하는 부분을 자동화함으로써 변수를 통합 및 안정화하고, 긴 시간을 차지하는 후경화를 국지적 주울열을 통한 급속 경화 장치를 추가함으로써 급속 경화 탄소 섬유 복합재 프린터를 개발하였다. 기존의 비행기나 대형 탄소복합재를 만들기 위한 Automated tape laying (ATL) 과 같은 대형 장비들에 대한 연구들이 2016 부터 활발히 진행되었으나, 기존 연구의 대부분은 대형 탄소 섬유 복합재를 제작하는 것을 목적으로 진행하고 있어, 후경화의 단축에 대한 연구수행과 소규모성의 수리를 위한 자동화 공정에 대한 연구는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 또한 본 연구의 국지적 수리에 적합한 주울열을 통한 급속 경화 장치가 적용된 사례는 없다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서 제안된 프린팅 시스템을 이용하여 양면 접착 방식의 수리 시편을 만들어 기존 미파괴 시편과의 파단강도에 따른 비율을 회복률이라고 정의하였다. 또한 실험을 통해 회복률을 확인하였고, 프린팅을 통한 수리 시편은 인장강도 기준으로 80% 이상 수준을 달성하였고 급속 경화 시스템을 추가한 시편의 경우는 짧은 구간에서 더 높은 접착력을 보이면서 93%이상 회복률로 향상되었다. 또한 앞서 제시한 바와 같이 수리자의 숙련도에 따라 변경될 수 있는 수리 성능에 대한 변수를 규격화 하였으며, 온도와 전력량 간의 피드백 시스템을 형성하여 급속 경화 또한 최적화함으로써 사용자의 숙련도와 상관없이 균일한 회복률을 얻을 수 있는 효과를 얻었고 이에 접착 수리 패치의 수명과 대변형과 같은 수리파손 예방을 위한 나노입자 센서를 부착하고 무선통신 시스템을 적용함으로써 비파괴 검사 또한 진행할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 급속 경화 탄소 복합재 프린터와 이를 검사할 수 있는 시스템의 원리를 응용한 기술은 발전될 탄소 섬유를 이용한 전기차 혹은 휴대기기 시장 등 산업적 응용 분야 확장에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 OVERVIEW 1 1.2 CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC (CFRP) 5 1.3 CFRP REPAIR 5 1.4 THE GOAL OF THIS RESEARCH 7 1.5 OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION 9 2 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND 11 2.1 DEMAND FOR CFRP 11 2.2 BONDED PATCH REPAIR 13 2.3 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING (SHM) 19 3 CHAPTER 3. DESIGN AND FABRICATION 21 3.1 DIRECT CARBON PRINTING SYSTEM 21 3.1.1 Overview of printing system 21 3.1.2 Fiber feeding component 26 3.1.3 Epoxy feeding component 30 3.2 RAPID CURING SYSTEM 32 3.2.1 Overview of rapid curing process 32 3.2.2 Modeling for rapid curing 33 3.2.3 Joule heating module 39 3.2.4 Electric-Thermal feedback module 44 3.3 HIGHLY SENSITIVE SENSOR PATCH FOR SHM 48 3.3.1 Aerodynamically focused nanoparticle (AFN) printing 48 3.3.2 Highly sensitive strain sensor 53 3.3.3 Design of sensor patch and communication system 57 4 CHAPTER 4. EVALUATION 64 4.1 EVALUATION OF PRINTED SAMPLE 64 4.2 EVALUATION OF DEGREE OF CURING VIA RAPID CURING 77 4.3 EVALUATION OF SHM VIA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 84 5 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 요약 (국문초록) 99Docto

Development of an automated bicycle parking spot for a smart parking system

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáSmart parking systems are promising solutions for a set of traffic-related problems in major cities across the world. The goal of those systems is to guide users through paths in which they spend less time, resources, and release fewer greenhouse gases to find a parking spot. To this end, deployers develop Cyber-physical Systems that generally comprise embedded electronics materials, Internet of Things technologies, and Artificial Intelligence concepts. This work combines ESP8266 microcontrollers and Raspberry Pi microprocessors through MQTT communication protocol to implement its architecture, a few possible different options for the actuator are also presented, and a project for the power supply by lowcurrent photovoltaic panels is documented. Therefore, the goal is to work over some options and ideas for the physical implementation of the low-level electronics physical stage of a smart parking Cyber-physical System. The results include validated actuator options, a small photovoltaic generation sizing, and the deployment of a microcontroller routine capable of properly operate as a physical asset controller enabling scalability.Sistemas de estacionamento inteligentes são soluções promissoras para uma gama de problemas relacionados a tráfego de automóveis em grandes cidades do mundo. O objetivo destes sistemas é guiar seus usuários por caminhos pelos quais os mesmos gastam menos tempo, recursos e liberam menos gases contribuintes para o efeito estufa a fim de encontrar um local de estacionamento. Para este fim, desenvolvedores implementam Sistemas Ciber-físicos que geralmente incluem materiais de eletrônica embebida, tecnologias de Internet das Coisas e conceitos de Inteligência Artificial. Este trabalho combina os microcontroladores ESP8266 e microprocessadores Raspberry Pi pelo protocolo de comunicação MQTT a fim de implementar sua arquitetura definida, também apresenta algumas possíveis opções para a implementação de um atuador e o projeto para suprir o consumo de eletricidade por painéis fotovoltaicos de baixa corrente. Portanto, o objetivo é trabalhar em possíveis opções e ideias para a implementação física da etapa de eletrônica de baixo nível de um Sistema Ciber-físico para estacionamentos inteligentes. Os resultados incluem opções validadas de atuadores, um dimensionamento de geração fotovoltaica de baixa potência e o desenvolvimento de uma rotina para o que o microcontrolador aja como um controlador local e permita escalabilidade

Adaptive traffic light cycle time controller using microcontrollers and crowdsource data of Google APIs for developing countries

Mishra, S., Bhattacharya, D., Gupta, A., & Singh, V. R. (2018). Adaptive traffic light cycle time controller using microcontrollers and crwodsource data of Google APIs for developing countries. In 3rd International Conference on Smart Data and Smart Cities (4/W7 ed., Vol. 4, pp. 83-90). (ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences). DOI: 10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-4-W7-83-2018Controlling of traffic signals optimally helps in avoiding traffic jams as vehicle volume density changes on temporally short and spatially small scales. Nowadays, due to embedded system development with the rising standards of computational technology, condense electronics boards as well as software packages, system can be developed for controlling cycle time in real time. At present, the traffic control systems in India lack intelligence and act as an open-loop control system, with no feedback or sensing network, due to the high costs involved. This paper aims to improve the traffic control system by integrating different technologies to provide intelligent feedback to the existing network with congestion status adapting to the changing traffic density patterns. The system presented in this paper aims to sense real-time traffic congestion around the traffic light using Google API crowdsource data and hence avoids infrastructure cost of sensors. Subsequently, it manipulates the signal timing by triggering and conveying information to the timer control system. Generic information processing and communication hardware system designed in this paper has been tested and found to be functional for a pilot run in real time. Both simulation and hardware trials show the transmission of required information with an average time delay of 1.2 seconds that is comparatively very small considering cycle time.publishersversionpublishe

Computer Simulation of PMSM Motor with Five Phase Inverter Control using Signal Processing Techniques

The signal processing techniques and computer simulation play an important role in the fault diagnosis and tolerance of all types of machines in the first step of design. Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and five phase inverter with sine wave pulse width modulation (SPWM) strategy is developed. The PMSM speed is controlled by vector control. In this work, a fault tolerant control (FTC) system in the PMSM using wavelet switching is introduced. The feature extraction property of wavelet analysis used the error as obtained by the wavelet de-noised signal as input to the mechanism unit to decide the healthy system. The diagnosis algorithm, which depends on both wavelet and vector control to generate PWM as current based manage any parameter variation. An open-end phase PMSM has a larger range of speed regulation than normal PMSM. Simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the switching strategy

Multi-function power electronic interface for hybrid mini-grid systems

In the past five years, global interest regarding the development of renewable energy technologies has significantly increased. The conventional electric power generation methods sourced from fossil fuels is now problematic, from both the supply and emission points of view. Fossil fuels are non-renewable limited resources that have taken millions of years to form; eventually they will be exhausted and the current cost of automotive fuel is evidence of them becoming diminished. The carbon dioxide emissions created through the energy conversion process are causing an increase in the overall atmospheric concentrations, which through global warming may have serious consequences for humanity.Natural sources of energy production can be derived from the Sun through the use of solar and wind generation methods. Converting these sources to electricity requires the technology of power electronics, the central area of research for this dissertation. Solar energy can most easily be harnessed through the photo-electric effect which creates DC electricity. However, the majority of electric loads and transmission require AC electricity. The inverter is the electronic device required for this power conversion. Wind turbines usually create variable voltage and frequency AC that is rectified to DC and then converted to grid type AC through an inverter.Voltage source inverters, their topologies and control are investigated within this dissertation. Voltage control methods are adopted for both stand-alone and grid connected techniques where control of active and reactive power is required. Current control techniques in the form of PI and hysteresis are applied to allow novel interfaces between generation sources to be achieved. Accurate control of the power electronics allows an enhancement in the power production from the renewable energy source. The power electronic device of the DC-DC converter, either buck or boost is controlled to allow the renewable resource to operate at its optimum power point. The control aspects and algorithms of these converters are central to this research. The solar algorithms of perturb and observe, and incremental conductance are developed with the latter being more favourable to changing levels of irradiation. The author draws a parallel between rapidly changing solar conditions with normally changing wind states. This analogy with an understanding of the mechanics of PMSG allows a novel wind MPPT algorithm to be developed which is simulated in PSIM. Methods to analyse the usefulness of the algorithm are developed and general conclusions are drawn.Another aim central to the research is the efficient combination of renewable energy sources into a single reliable power system. This forms the multi-function aspect of the research. The interconnection of the sources on the AC or DC sides is investigated for both stand-alone and grid connected topologies. A requirement of the stand-alone system is to provide power when no renewable resources are available causing some form of energy storage to be utilised. Conventional batteries are used, causing the VC-VSI to become bi-directional allowing charging. This is simulated in PSIM and demonstrated as part of the Denmark and Eco Beach projects. Many differing topologies of stand alone, grid connected and edge of grid systems are developed, simulated and some are demonstrated.While investigating the currently used topologies the author invents the novel complimentary hybrid system concept. This idea allows a single inverter to be used to feed energy from either the wind or solar resource. With careful engineering of the PV array and wind turbine characteristics only a small loss of energy is caused, deemed the crossover loss. This original concept is mathematically modelled, simulated and demonstrated with results presented from the Denmark project. The strength of this idea is from the quite complimentary nature of wind and solar resources, for only a small proportion of the year are high solar and strong wind conditions occurring simultaneously.Compared to a solar resource, the wind resource is much more complicated to model. An analysis of readily available wind source data is presented with a statistical analysis of the scaling methods; a novel box and whiskers plot is used to convey this information. New software is presented to allow a more accurate and digital model of a power curve to be recreated, allowing a more precise annual energy generation calculation. For various wind turbines a capacity factor analysis is presented with its disadvantages explained. To overcome these issues the concepts of economic efficiency and conversion efficiency are explained. These prevent some of the typical methods to enhance the standard capacity factor expression. The combination of these three methods allows selection of the most suitable wind turbine for a site.The concept of a mini-grid is an isolated power generation and distribution system, which can have its renewable energy sources, centralised or decentralised. The methods used to coalesce conventional generation with renewable energy technology forms another key piece of this research. A design methodology for the development of a hybrid power system is created with examples used from projects attributed to the author. The harmonising of the renewable energy sources with the conventional generation while providing a stable and robust grid is explained in detail with respect to the generator loading and control. The careful control of the renewable resource output is shown to allow a greater overall penetration of renewable energy into the network while continuing network stability. The concept of frequency shift control is presented, simulated and demonstrated with reference to the Eco Beach project. This project epitomises much of the research that has been presented in this dissertation. It combines centralised and decentralised inverters, with battery storage and the control of diesel generators. An overall controller dictates the optimum times to charge or draw from the battery based upon the local environmental and time of day variables. Finally, the monitoring aspects of this project are representative of a future smart grid where loads may be shed on demand through under frequency or direct control