Managing Life: Human Biology 1918-1945

In the interwar period between 1918 and 1945, before the programmable computer and information theory were mobilized by biologists and economists as heuristics and instruments, the study of man the animal as a biological and social being was a managerial and bureaucratic pursuit. This pursuit was informed by changes in organization, the work process, and other institutions then taking place across wide swaths of American society. Coming as it did from such diverse sources, the field of human biology was always a loosely organized project, whose elements were in dynamic tension with each other. Human biology\u27s research and popularizations would also necessarily be in tension with earlier eugenic arguments about heredity, even as they shifted the focus of concern onto the fields of human population growth, human variability, and social order. Two of the biggest recipients of human biology funding in the 1920s were the research groups led by Raymond Pearl at Johns Hopkins University and Lawrence Henderson at Harvard, particularly its business school. Henderson and Pearl were not only interested in solving social problems but also in establishing themselves in their fields. This consideration influenced their choice of audiences away from reform-oriented intellectuals and towards those they most directly needed to convince of their project\u27s efficacy: university administrators, government officials, and business managers. For Pearl the problem of population growth and the differential rate of reproduction between native whites and immigrants would resolve itself through the natural action of the population\u27s self-regulating capacities. Henderson on the other hand, and his allies at Harvard Business School Elton Mayo and Wallace Donham, saw an organizational and social world thrown badly out of equilibrium by the rapid changes of the early 20th century. They prescribed an elite cadre of manager-administrators to play a leading role in the key institutions of American life in order to reestablish equilibrium through their knowledge of man the animal. What united Pearl and Henderson politically was their elitist conceptions of citizenship and science, and their animosity for progressive social reform, uplift and the New Deal

Self-Organization in Biology and Economics

This report reviews some of the basic relationships between energy, entropy, order, and information, especially in the context of self-organizing dissipative systems. It has two parts. Four general ideas are discussed in the first part: (1) Information (negative entropy) can be captured and stored in dissipative structures, including living organisms. (2) "Evolutionary level" can be usefully defined as the ability of living organisms to capture and store information in structures. This is a variant of Lotka's principle. It is further suggested (3) that intelligence can be defined as the ability to modify or create external (nonliving) structures capable of storing information. It is also suggested (4) that information may be stored in two forms: (a) as "free energy" and (b) as structure (morphological differentiation) per se. The report then focuses on the economic system as a self-organizing dissipative system in which intelligent activity (accumulation) of information-storing structures is more and more consciously controlled and managed. The main agent of negentropic accumulation is technology, generated endogenously by the economic system or adapted by it. The fundamental role of technological change as a driver of economic growth is emphasized, as is the increasing degree to which change and growth are intentionally managed. This trend also creates new vulnerabilities

A Bibliometric Study of the Research on Instructional Uses for Nonfiction Graphic Novels

The intention of this bibliometric study is to examine the research on the use of graphic novels in classrooms and libraries during the past two decades to highlight how this topic has changed and developed over time. The focus of the research is on the use of nonfiction graphic novels in the English Language Arts, Writing, Social Studies, History, Science, and Math classrooms. This study notes similarities in the research on uses for graphic novels and identifies the prevailing journals which have published articles on this topic. The authors who have written about this topic the most frequently are identified. This study also provides a list of some highly recommended nonfiction graphic novels cited in the research by authors for classroom use

The Omnichannel phenomenon: unveiling the role of Channel Integration for consumers and retailers

This thesis work is aimed at deepening the knowledge of the phenomenon called "Omnichannel", as the main challenge of modern retailing. Omnichannel is a new retailing configuration, which envisages drastic changes compared to the Multi- and Cross-channel models. Although the Omnichannel phenomenon has been extensively studied in recent years, it is also missing a comprehensive framework. This is also shown by the variety of alternative definitions of "Omnichannel" existing in literature. The three studies presented in this thesis start from this assumption, and come to identify and investigate an element that clearly emerges as the core of Omnichannel: Channel Integration. The first study, an extensive literature review conducted with bibliometric techniques, allowed us to frame the extent of Omnichannel in terms of papers, topics and issues addressed. Furthermore, through the use of co-citation analysis, a clustering technique based on the triangulation of citations, the theoretical foundations of Omnichannel have been identified. 4 research clusters were traced back to: Consumer Behavior, Strategic Management, Channel Management, and Channel Integration. Results also show that Channel Integration is the main element of Omnichannel, capable of creating synergies with other clusters and capturing the perspectives of the consumer and retailer at the same time. The second study qualifies as an extension of these results to the future of Omnichannel, through qualitative research. It was in fact decided to proceed by discussing the topic with a panel of 18 international experts, with proven academic and managerial background. The participants commented on the results emerging from our previous study and expressed themselves on: areas, topics, methodologies and settings of priority development; generation of new theories or application of pre-existing theories; challenges, issues and retailers’ needs in Omnichannel. The results were then coded and analyzed to create a research agenda divided into 5 macro-themes of interest: a) Omnichannel customer journeys, b) Omnichannel customer experiences, c) Omnichannel transition issues, d) the human factor in Omnichannel, and e) augmented and intelligent Omnichannel environments. The experts also validated the model in 4 research clusters proposed by our first study and confirmed the central role of Channel Integration. For the third and final study, we therefore decided to investigate the role of Channel Integration in Omnichannel contexts, from the perspective of customer journeys (theme a) emerging from Study 2). We employed quantitative methodologies (MCA, CFA, SEM) to test the effect of touchpoints - which constitute the various steps of customer journeys - on consumers’ perception of Channel Integration, and the effect of the latter on patronage intention towards the retailer. Through the Categorization Theory, we proposed that the touchpoints capable of activating a Channel Integration perception are different depending on the sector and on the type of consumer (first-time and repeat customer). The research, conducted on two panels of Italian consumers in the grocery and fashion sectors – 1.031 and 759 participants, respectively –, led to the identification of substantial differences related to context and target, and confirmed a positive effect of Channel Integration perception on customer loyalty through patronage intention. The work therefore has, overall, both theoretical and managerial implications.Il presente lavoro di tesi è volto ad approfondire la conoscenza del fenomeno denominato Omnicanalità, quale principale sfida del retailing moderno. Si tratta di una nuova configurazione di retailing, che prevede cambiamenti drastici rispetto ai modelli di Multi- e Cross-canalità che l’hanno preceduta. Nonostante si tratti di un fenomeno ampiamente studiato negli ultimi anni, abbiamo rilevato una sostanziale difficoltà nel suo inquadramento, che si evince anche dalla molteplicità di definizioni alternative di “Omnicanalità” esistenti in letteratura. I tre studi che costituiscono questa tesi partono da questo presupposto, arrivando ad individuare e investigare l’elemento che emerge chiaramente come il fulcro dell’Omnicanalità. Il primo studio, una estesa literature review condotta con tecniche bibliometriche, ci ha permesso di inquadrare l’Omnicanalità in termini di studi condotti in letteratura e tematiche affrontate. Inoltre, mediante la co-citation analysis, una tecnica di clustering basata sulla triangolazione delle citazioni, sono state ricostruite le basi teoriche dell’Omnicanalità. Attraverso l’interpretazione dei contributi fondamentali così individuati, sono stati identificati 4 cluster di ricerca: Consumer Behavior, Management Strategico, Channel Management, e Channel Integration. Dall’analisi emerge anche come la Channel Integration sia l’elemento centrale dell’Omnicanalità, in grado sia di creare sinergie con gli altri cluster sia di catturare al contempo le prospettive del consumatore e del retailer. Il secondo studio si qualifica come un’estensione di tali risultati al futuro dell’Omnicanalità, attraverso un’analisi di tipo qualitativo. Si è infatti deciso di procedere discutendo il tema con un panel di 18 esperti internazionali, dalla comprovata esperienza sia accademica che professionale. I partecipanti hanno commentato i risultati emergenti dallo studio precedente e si sono espressi in merito a: aree, temi, metodologie e contesti prioritari per lo studio dell’Omnicanalità; sfide, problematiche e necessità di ricerca in tale ambito. I risultati sono stati codificati e analizzati per produrre una research agenda articolata in 5 macro-tematiche di interesse: a) Omnichannel customer journeys, b) Omnichannel customer experiences, c) problematiche di transizione verso l’Omnicanalità, d) il fattore umano nell’Omnicanalità, ed e) la gestione di ambienti Omnicanale tecnologicamente avanzati ed intelligenti. Gli esperti hanno inoltre validato il modello in 4 research clusters da noi proposto e confermato la centralità della Channel Integration. Per il terzo ed ultimo studio, si è pertanto deciso di investigare ulteriormente il tema della Channel Integration in contesti Omnicanale, secondo la prospettiva delle customer journeys (punto a) emerso dal secondo studio). Attraverso metodologie quantitative (MCA, CFA, SEM), si testa l’effetto dei touchpoints – che costituiscono i vari step delle customer journeys – sulla percezione di Channel Integration maturata dal consumatore, e l’effetto di questa sulla patronage intention verso il retailer. Attraverso la Categorization Theory, si propone che i touchpoint in grado di attivare una percezione di Channel Integration siano diversi a seconda del contesto settoriale – sulla base di differenti categorie di prodotto – e della tipologia di consumatore (first-time e repeat customer). La ricerca, condotta su due panel di consumatori italiani nei settori grocery e fashion – con 1.031 e 759 partecipanti, rispettivamente –, ha portato all’individuazione ed alla discussione di tali touchpoint, evidenziando differenze sostanziali tra i touchpoint che determinano la channel integration tra settori e tra target, e ha confermato un effetto positivo della percezione di Channel Integration sulla customer loyalty attraverso la patronage intention. Il lavoro presenta pertanto implicazioni sia teoriche che manageriali

A scientometric method to analyze scientific journals as exemplified by the area of information science

==Background== In most academic disciplines journals play an important role in disseminating findings of research among the disciplinary community members. Understanding a discipline\u27s body of journals is therefore of grave importance when looking for previous research, compiling an overview of previous research and and in order to make a decision regarding the best place for publishing research results. Furthermore, based on Bradford\u27s Law of scattering, one can assume that in order to be able to compile a satisfying overview of previous research a wide range of journals has to be scanned, but also that there are some "core" journals which are of more importance to specific disciplines than others. ==Aim== This thesis aims to compile a comprehensive master list of journals which publish articles of relevance to Library and Information Science (LIS). A method to rank journals by their importance is introduced and some key characteristics of the disciplines body of journals are discussed. Databases indexing the disciplines journals are also compared. ==Method== The master list of LIS journals was created by combining the journal listings of secondary sources indexing the field\u27s literature. These sources were six databases focusing on LIS literature: INFODATA, Current Contents, Library and Information Science Abstracts, Library Information Science Technology Abstracts, Information Science and Technology Abstracts, and Library Literature and Information Science, the LIS subsection in three databases with a general focus: Social Science Citation Index, Academic Search Premier, and Expanded Academic ASAP, and the listing of LIS journals from the Elektronische Zeitschriften Bibliothek. Problems related to editorial policies and technical shortcomings are discussed, before comparing: predominant publication languages, places of publication, open access, peer review, and the ISI Journal Impact Factors (JIF). Journals were also ranked by the number of occurrences in multiple databases in order to identify "core" publications. The number of journals overlapping between databases are estimated and a matrix giving the overlap is visualized using multi dimensional scaling. Lastly, the degree of journals overlapping with other disciplines is measured. ==Results== A comprehensive master list of 1,205 journals publishing articles of relevance to LIS was compiled. The 968 active journals are mostly published in English, with one third of the journals coming from the US and another third from the UK and Germany. Nearly 16% of all journals are open access, 11% have a ISIJIF, and 42% are peer reviewed. Fifteen core journal could be identified and a list of the top fourteen journals published in Germany is introduced. Databases have between five to 318 journals in common and the journal collection shows an substantial overlap with a wide range of subjects, with the biggest journal overlap with Computing Studies, and Business and Economics. ==Conclusion== The aim of compiling a comprehensive list of LIS journal was achieved. The list will contribute to our understanding of scholarly communication within the LIS discipline and provide academics and practitioners with a better understanding of journals within the discipline. The ranking approach proved to be sufficient, showing good similarity with other studies over the last 40 years. The master list of LIS journals has also potential use to further research

Entire Issue Vol. 11 No. 2

SLIS Director\u27s Report By Stacy L. Creel, Ph.D., Associate Professor and Director Spotlight—Faculty, Spotlight—Alum From the GAs, Congratulations SLIS Students, Congratulations SLIS Alum A Collection Analysis of the Tana Hoban Papers in the de Grummond Children’s Literature Collection The role the LGBTQ+ Community Plays in Preserving Their Own History: The Rise of LGBTQIA+ Grassroots Archives Text Complexity in Selected Newbery Medal Winners The National Gallery of Art Library: A Collection Analysis of an Art Library’s Digital Collection Storyville: A Study of Artifacts Social Media Engagement Across Public Libraries in Monroe County: A Webometric Study Selection of Fall 2022 Master’s Project Poster

What We Know About Wikipedia: A Review of the Literature Analyzing the Project(s).

This article proposes a review of the literature analyzing Wikipedia as a collective system for producing knowledge. JEL Classification: L39, L86, H41, D7

Mapping the knowledge base of information policy: clusters of documents, people and ideas

This thesis investigates aspects of the intellectual and social structure of the field of information policy through a detailed examination of the serials literature. The aims of the research are to explore how information policy scholarship is organised—in terms of its relation to other fields and disciplines; whether it constitutes a distinct specialty in its own right; and what kinds of institutional structures and arrangements exist to support research and scholarship. In Part One, a literature review identifies previous bibliometric and other studies which are relevant to studies of scholarly disciplines and knowledge communities. It discusses the interdisciplinary problem-oriented nature of information policy and considers some of the modes of enquiry which characterise investigations this area. Part Two consists of a series of experiments carried out on a test collection of 771 periodical articles drawn from the Social science Citation Index The empirical work comprised four linked studies: a bibliometric census study an analysis of document clustering; an author cocit.ation study; and a content analysis. Extensive use was made of multivariate statistical techniques, notably principal components analysis, hierarchical clustering, discriminant and correspondence analysis to identify statistically significant and meaningful patterns and structures within the test collection. The study concludes that information policy is a growing and reasonably distinctive field of study with strong links to library and information science, law, media studies, and the political sciences. It is suggested that the field is not unified and that research is still primarily organised along national and traditional disciplinary lines, with little evidence of significant collaborative activity across institutions or sectors. The research base is highly dispersed, with practitioners playing a major role in the production of knowledge. In institutional terms, the field is very thinly spread, with few signs of concentration

Construction and validation of the service climate scale for hybrid service delivery models in the hospitality industry

Service climate scales are oriented predominantly to measure employee perceptions toward hotels with human interaction service delivery. The thesis aims to develop and validate a scale to measure service climate in hotels with hybrid service delivery models. Comprises three systematic literature reviews, with bibliometric (Bibliometrix) and network (VOSviewer) analysis, one eDelphi research to develop the scale via an international expert panel, and two quantitative studies to instrument reliability and validity. Our systematic literature reviews are the first to utilize bibliometric analysis and knowledge network analysis structures to assess service climate construct as a sustainable competitive advantage in the hospitality field. This thesis presents a new instrument to measure the People-Technology Hybrid Service Climate Scale (P-THSCS). P-THSCS has an original, innovative, and compact perspective. It measures the perceptions of people (employees and customers) in hybrid service deliveries (Human Interaction Service and Self-Service Technologies) with one English version of 31 items grouped into five dimensions: Co-Creation, Standards, Support, Characteristics, and Global Service Climate. The co-creation dimension shows the most significant predictive value overall.Ao longo dos últimos anos, o Fórum Económico Mundial tem vindo a alertar que um dos principais riscos para o futuro das sociedades é a deterioração do emprego. Um dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, o ODS8 – estabelece como foco o trabalho digno e o crescimento económico como um meio para atingir a sustentabilidade e a competitividade. No sector da hotelaria, os gestores estão focados em encontrar soluções que conduzam ao aumento da competitividade e a sustentabilidade dos seus hotéis. Neste sentido, algumas decisões sobre o tipo da entrega de serviço são fundamentais para o futuro dos mesmos. Tradicionalmente, as entregas de serviço eram operacionalizadas através da interação com os empregados de contato. Cada vez mais, com a introdução das tecnologias, a entrega híbrida de serviços é uma opção estratégica e essencial para inovação, sustentabilidade e competitividade, uma vez que os recursos combinados de pessoas (incluindo empregados e clientes) e tecnologia cocriam a experiência do serviço. Na área da hospitalidade, a literatura que explora estes modelos híbridos com os dois tipos de entrega de serviço é escassa e dispersa. Desta forma, os gestores hoteleiros continuam a manter uma postura cautelosa, com muitas dúvidas e alguns receios, para implementar integralmente esta nova tendência, sem que, antes, haja uma compreensão clara do impacto da adoção das mesmas. Como tal, é necessário desenvolver e validar novos instrumentos de medição que potenciem a recolha de dados sobre as variáveis mais críticas da hotelaria, nomeadamente, as experiências das pessoas e o desempenho financeiro. O clima de serviço é uma dessas variáveis. O clima de serviço é uma vantagem competitiva potencial e sustentável do ponto de vista da gestão devido à sua inimitabilidade. Um ativo intangível único, impossível de replicar, que relaciona os empregados, as experiências do cliente e, consequentemente, o desempenho financeiro. Embora na literatura o clima de serviço seja um construto inicialmente relacionado com as perceções do empregado e as respetivas escalas orientadas predominantemente para medir essas perceções em hotéis com entrega através de interação humana, atualmente, o clima de serviço percecionado pelo cliente tem ganho alguma dimensão. Assim sendo, uma medida das perceções das pessoas (empregados e clientes) em entregas de serviços híbridas (serviço de interação humana e tecnologias de auto-atendimento) pode ser uma ferramenta relevante. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal da tese é desenvolver e validar um novo instrumento, original, inovador e compacto, para medir o clima de serviço em hotéis com entregas de serviço híbridas em que pessoas (empregados e clientes) cocriam a experiência de serviço através da tecnologia. A metodologia da tese tem por base 3 etapas. Na primeira etapa, pesquisamos conceitos, definições, dimensões e subdimensões e itens através de 3 estudos qualitativos (revisões sistemáticas da literatura). Os resultados permitiram desenvolver uma estrutura de pesquisa preliminar para a escala de Clima de Serviço Híbrido Pessoas-Tecnologia (PTHSC). Na segunda etapa, elaboramos um trabalho de pesquisa qualitativa com base na técnica Delphi (com três rondas), com análise de conteúdo, para construir a redação final do instrumento e validar o conteúdo por consenso entre os especialistas. Utilizámos o método Delphi modificado, não aplicando o questionário aberto inicial, e estabelecemos as dimensões, subdimensões e itens iniciais com base nas revisões sistemáticas da literatura realizadas. As três rondas com um painel de 21 especialistas foram realizadas em ambiente virtual [online], através do software eDelphi.org, nas datas [21/dez/22/jan], [22/fev/22/mar] e [22/mar/22/abr]. Na última etapa, validámos o instrumento através de Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Análise Fatorial Confirmatória para validar a respetiva estrutura fatorial. Entre 2019 e 2022, foram realizados 6 trabalhos de investigação, compilados em quatro artigos para publicação em revistas científicas especializadas. Desta forma, a tese compreende três revisões sistemáticas da literatura, com análise bibliométrica (Bibliometrix) e de rede (VOSviewer), que deram origem a três artigos. O artigo “Mapping service quality and service climate for sustainable strategy in the business to the consumer hospitality and tourism industry" com o objetivo específico de identificar e resumir a literatura existente sobre a conexão entre clima de serviço e construtos experiências do cliente, nomeadamente a qualidade de serviço. O Segundo artigo "A bibliometric analysis of trust in the field of hospitality and tourism" surge da necessidade de incluir a confiança como dimensão ou sub-dimensão do clima de serviço. Por último, o artigo "A bibliometric analysis of service climate as a sustainable competitive advantage in hospitality" que contribuiu para a conceção da estrutura do clima de serviço híbrido de pessoas-tecnologia. Compreende ainda, uma pesquisa eDelphi para desenvolver a escala através de um painel internacional de especialistas e dois estudos quantitativos para a confiabilidade e validade do instrumento. Estes três trabalhos de investigação deram origem ao artigo "Developing a people-technology hybrid scale to measure service climate in hospitality", que divulga à comunidade científica e hoteleira um novo instrumento (P-THSCS) com uma versão em inglês de 31 itens, agrupados em cinco dimensões: Cocriação, Padrões, Suporte, Características e Clima de Serviço Global, em que a dimensão de cocriação mostra o valor preditivo mais significativo. A tese apresenta uma componente inovadora muito forte de onde se destaca duas originalidades. As revisões sistemáticas da literatura foram as primeiras a utilizar análises bibliométricas e estruturas de análise de rede de conhecimento para avaliar a construção do clima de serviço como uma vantagem competitiva sustentável. A outra é o facto de desenvolver um novo instrumento (People-Technology Hybrid Service Climate Scale) que abre uma nova agenda científica para pesquisas futuras com base na estrutura do clima de serviço, e fornece à hotelaria um novo instrumento para a obtenção de novos dados. Apesar do protocolo com o grupo hoteleiro Vila Galé para a colaboração na recolha de respostas para os trabalhos quantitativos, a taxa de respostas validadas é a maior das limitações encontradas. Ainda assim, os resultados mostram uma ferramenta de gestão relevante, que faculta dados essenciais para a gestão de recursos humanos, para a gestão comercial, “revenue management”, marketing, e gestão financeira. Ao nível académico esta tese abre as portas a toda uma nova agenda científica