14 research outputs found
5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia
This research received support from the AUIP (Iberoamerican University Association for
Postgraduate Studies).The authors would like to thank the following members of Ericsson and Nokia
Company for their valuable technological support in relation to the deployment of 5G networks in
Colombia and Latin America. To Ericsson Company: Fabian Monge, Head of Networks & Managed
Services Sales LATAM North—Ericsson, Andrés Quintero Arango, Country Manager Colombia—
Ericsson, Camilo Beltrán, RAN Sales Domain Manager—Ericsson, Tatiana Dimian, Technical &
Solution Sales Colombia—Ericsson. To Nokia Company: Juan Gabriel Mariño Pedroza, Presales
Director & Business Development Colombia—Nokia.The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially
available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in
countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries around the world are still in
the pilot phase promoted and regulated by government agencies. This is the case in Colombia, where
the assignment of the first 5G band is planned for the third quarter of 2021. By analyzing the results
of the pilot phase and the roadmap of the Colombian Ministry of Information and Communication
Technologies (MinTIC), we can determine the main issues, which contribute to the deployment of
5G mobile technology as well as the plans to achieve a 5G stand-alone network from 4G networks.
This is applicable to other countries in Latin America and the world. Then, our objective is to
synthesize and share the most important concepts of 5G mobile technology such as the MIMO
(multiple input/multiple output) antenna, RAN (Radio Access Network), C-RAN (Centralised-RAN),
and frequency bands, and evaluate the current stage of its introduction in Colombia.AUIP (Iberoamerican University Association for
Postgraduate Studies
A review on massive MIMO Antennas for 5G communication systems on challenges and limitations
High data rate transfers, high-definition streaming, high-speed internet, and the expanding of the infrastructure such as the ultra-broadband communication systems in wireless communication have become a demand to be considered in improving quality of service and increase the capacity supporting gigabytes bitrate. Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems technology is evolving from MIMO systems and becoming a high demand for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems and keep expanding further. In the near future, massive MIMO systems could be the main wireless systems of communications technology and can be considered as a key technology to the system in daily lives. The arrangement of the huge number of antenna elements at the base station (BS) for uplink and downlink to support the MIMO systems in increasing its capacity is called a Massive MIMO system, which refers to the vast provisioning of antenna elements at base stations over the number of the single antenna of user equipment. Massive MIMO depends on spatial multiplexing and diversity gain in serving users with simple processing signal of uplink and downlink at the BS. There are challenges in massive MIMO system even though it contains numerous number of antennas, such as channel estimation need to be accurate, precoding at the BS, and signal detection which is related to the first two items. On the other hand, in supporting wideband cellular communication systems and enabling low latency communications and multi-gigabit data rates, the Millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has been utilized. Also, it is widely influenced the potential of the fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) standard. This study was specifically review and compare on a few designs and methodologies on massive MIMO antenna communication systems. There are three limitations of those antennas were identified to be used for future improvement and to be proposed in designing the massive MIMO antenna systems. A few suggestions to improve the weaknesses and to overcome the challenges have been proposed for future consideration
A review on massive MIMO antennas for 5G communication systems on challenges and limitations
High data rate transfers, high-definition streaming, high-speed internet, and the expanding of the infrastructure such as the ultra-broadband communication systems in wireless communication have become a demand to be considered in improving quality of service and increase the capacity supporting gigabytes bitrate. Massive Multiple-Input MultipleOutput (MIMO) systems technology is evolving from MIMO systems and becoming a high demand for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems and keep expanding further. In the near future, massive MIMO systems could be the main wireless systems of communications technology and can be considered as a key technology to the system in daily lives. The arrangement of the huge number of antenna elements at the base station (BS) for uplink and downlink to support the MIMO systems in increasing its capacity is called a Massive MIMO system, which refers to the vast provisioning of antenna elements at base stations over the number of the single antenna of user equipment. Massive MIMO depends on spatial multiplexing and diversity gain in serving users with simple processing signal of uplink and downlink at the BS. There are challenges in massive MIMO system even though it contains numerous number of antennas, such as channel estimation need to be accurate, precoding at the BS, and signal detection which is related to the first two items. On the other hand, in supporting wideband cellular communication systems and enabling low latency communications and multigigabit data rates, the Millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has been utilized. Also, it is widely influenced the potential of the fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) standard. This study was specifically review and compare on a few designs and methodologies on massive MIMO antenna communication systems. There are three limitations of those antennas were identified to be used for future improvement and to be proposed in designing the massive MIMO antenna systems. A few suggestions to improve the weaknesses and to overcome the challenges have been proposed for future considerations
5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia
The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries around the world are still in the pilot phase promoted and regulated by government agencies. This is the case in Colombia, where the assignment of the first 5G band is planned for the third quarter of 2021. By analyzing the results of the pilot phase and the roadmap of the Colombian Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MinTIC), we can determine the main issues, which contribute to the deployment of 5G mobile technology as well as the plans to achieve a 5G stand-alone network from 4G networks. This is applicable to other countries in Latin America and the world. Then, our objective is to synthesize and share the most important concepts of 5G mobile technology such as the MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) antenna, RAN (Radio Access Network), C-RAN (Centralised-RAN), and frequency bands, and evaluate the current stage of its introduction in Colombia
Millimetre-wave radio-over-fibre supported multi-antenna and multi-user transmission
In this thesis, various features of the RoF supported mmW communication for
future wireless systems have been analysed including photonic generation of mmW
for MIMO operation, performance analysis of mmW MIMO to achieve spatial
diversity and spatial multiplexing with analog RoF fronthaul, and multi-user
transmission in the 60 GHz-band using multiplexing-over-fibre transport and
frequency-selective antenna.
A low cost mmW generation system for two independent MIMO signals has been
presented, consisting of a single optical Phase Modulator (PM). The different
aspects of experimental analysis on RoF-supported mmW MIMO in this thesis,
which were not considered before, include use of specific MIMO algorithm to
understand the amount of improvement in coverage and data rate for a particular
MIMO technique, performance comparison with SISO at several user locations, and
verification of optimum RAU physical spacing for a particular transmission
distance with the theoretical results. The results show that flexible and wider RAU
spacings, required to obtain optimum performance in a mmW MIMO system, can
be achieved using the proposed analog RoF fronthaul. The investigation was
extended to verification of a method to individual measurement of mmW channel
coefficients and performing MIMO processing, which shows that mmW channels
are relatively static and analysis can be extended to much longer distances and
making projections for NĂ—N MIMO.
For mmW multi-user transmission, a novel low cost, low complexity system using
single RoF link and single RF chain with single transmitting antenna has been
presented and characterized, which was based on large number of RF chains and
multiple antenna units previously. The setup involves generation and RoF transport
of a composite SCM signal, upconversion at the RAU and transmission of different
frequency channels towards spatially distributed users using a frequency-selective
Leaky-Wave-Antenna (LWA), to convert Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
in to Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA). Analysis on low user-signal
spacing for the SCM shows the feasibility to serve a large number of users within a
specific transmission bandwidth and experimental demonstration to achieve sum
rate of 10Gb/s is shown by serving 20 users simultaneously. Furthermore, investigation on SNR degradation of high bandwidth signals due to beamsteering
effect of the LWA and theoretical calculations of the sum data rate for different
number of users is performed, which shows that the proposed system can provide
much higher sum rates with high available SNR. It was also experimentally
demonstrated that improvement in coverage and spectral efficiency is obtained by
operating multiple LWAs using single RF chain. Finally, an experimental
demonstration of a DWDM-RoF based 60 GHz multi-user transmission using
single LWA is presented to show the feasibility to extend the setup for a multiple
RAU based system, serving each at distinct optical wavelength and performing
direct photonic upconversion at the RAU for low cost mmW generation
Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments
The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin
New Radio Small Cell Propagation Environment
The characterization of the wireless medium in indoor small cell networks is essential to obtain appropriate modelling of the propagation environment. This dissertation on ”MeasurementBased Characterization of the 5G New Radio Small Cell Propagation Environment” has been
developed in an experimental environment. The underlying tasks are divided into three
phases. The first phase took place in the laboratory of the Instituto de Telecomunicações
– Covilhã, located in the Departamento de Engenharia Electromecânica of Universidade da
Beira Interior. During this part of the research, spectrum measurements and the characterization of the S11 parameter (response in the first port for the signal incident in the first port)
have been made experimentally through the printed circuit board antennas in the 2.6 GHz
and 3.5 GHz frequency bands operating in the 2.625 GHz and 3.590 GHz center frequency,
manufactured by us. The fabrication of the antennas was preceded by the simulation in the
student version CST STUDIO software. In this phase, the spectrum measurements and the
characterization of Smith Chart have been made to measure gain and impedance using the
Rohde & Schwarz Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) from IT laboratory. Based on mathematical calculations and considerations on the conductivity and permeability of the environment,
the antennas were built for use in indoor and outdoor environments. The developed antennas are characterized by their bandwidth and their radiation characteristics.
The second phase took place in the three rooms adjacent to the laboratory, in which the
srsLTE emulation software was applied to the 4G indoor scenario. The experimental setup
includes three elements, namely a base station (BS or 4G eNodeB), which transmits the communication signal and which served as a signal source, a user equipment (UE), and an interfering eNodeB. The size of each room is 7.32 Ă— 7.32 square meters. While room 1 is the room
of interest, where theoretical and practical measurements took place, BSs that act as wireless
interfering nodes are also separately considered either in room 2 or room 3. By varying the
UE positions within room 1, it was possible to verify that the highest values of the received
power occur close to the central BS. However, the received power does not decrease suddenly
because of the reduced gain in the radiation pattern in the back part of the antenna. In addition, it was demonstrated that there is an effect of “wall loss”proven by the path loss increase
between room 1 and room 2 (or between room 2 and 3). If we consider an attenuation for
each wall of circa 7-9 dB the trend of the WINNER II at 2.625 GHz model for the interference coming across different walls is verified. Future work includes to investigate the 3.5
GHz frequency band.
The third phase is being carried out at the facilities of the old aerodrome of CovilhĂŁ which,
using a temporary license assigned to us by Instituto de Comunicações Português (ICP-ANACOM)
as the two first phases. The aim of this phase is to investigate the two-slope behaviour in the
UMi scenario. Very initial LTE-Advanced tests have been performed to verify the propagation of the two ray (with a reflection in the asphalt) from BS implemented with USRP B210
and srsLTE system by considering an urban cell with a length of 80 m and an interfering base
station at 320 m, at 2500 - 2510 MHz (DL - Downlink) by now, mainly due to the current
availability of a directional antenna in this specific band.A investigação de sinais rádio em comunicações sem fios continua a gerar considerável interesse em todo mundo, devido ao seu amplo leque de aplicações, que inclui a troca de dados
entre dois ou mais dispositivos, comunicações móveis e via Wi-Fi, infravermelho, transmissão de canais de televisão, monitorização de campos, proteção e vigilância costeira e observação ambiental para exploração. A tecnologia de ondas de rádio é o um dos vários recursos
que viabilizam as comunicações de alta velocidade e encurta distâncias entre dois pontos em
comunicação. Na realidade, caracterização da comunicação em redes com pequenas células é essencial para obter uma modelização apropriada de ambiente de propagação. Esta
dissertação sob o tema ”Measurement-Based Characterization of the 5G New Radio Small
Cells Propagation Envioronment” foi desenvolvida num ambiente experimental, cujas tarefas foram divididas em fases. A primeira fase teve lugar no laboratório do Instituto de
Telecomunicações da Covilhã (IT), afeto ao Departamento de Engenharia Eletromecânica.
Nela foram feitas as simulações das antenas no software CST STUDIO, versão do estudante
que foram utilizadas nos equipamentos durante as medições. Seguiu-se a padronização das
mesmas nas faixas dos 2.6 GHz e 3.5 GHz, nas frequĂŞncias centrais de 2.625 GHz e 3.590
GHZ, usando placas de circuitos impressos. Em seguida, foram feitas as medições do espectro e a caraterização do S11 e da carta de Smith para medir a impedância de entrada e
o ganho. As medições foram feitas com recurso ao Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Com
base em cálculos matemáticos e considerações sobre a condutividade e permeabilidade do
ambiente, as antenas foram construĂdas para uso em ambientes internos e externos e com
ou sem interferentes. As antenas desenvolvidas sĂŁo caracterizadas por sua largura de banda
e suas caracterĂsticas de radiação.
A segunda fase decorreu nas três salas adjacentes ao laboratório de Telecomunicações, na
qual foi montada a topologia com o sistema srsLTE associado aos USRP B210 ligados aos
computadores com o sistema operativo Linux com trĂŞs componentes, nomeadamente uma
estação base (BS), que serviu de fonte do sinal de comunicação com um equipamento de
utilizador (UE) que o recebe, e dois interferentes. Importa realçar que esta segunda fase
foi dividida em duas etapas, das quais uma sem interferente para medir a potĂŞncia recebida
da própria estação base e outra com os interferentes mais próximo e mais afastado da sala
do sinal da própria célula. O objetivo desta fase foi o de verificar o modelo de propagação
do sinal de comunicação da tecnologia LTE e medir a potência recebida pelo utilizador com
recurso ao Analisador de Espectro portátil FSH8 da Rohde & Schwarz capaz de medir de 10
kHz a 8 GHz, feita na frequĂŞncia central de 2.625 GHz.
Nas medições feitas em ambiente interior, o tamanho de cada uma das três salas é 7.32 ×
7.32 metros quadrados. Embora a sala 1 seja a sala de interesse, onde ocorreram as medições
teĂłricas e práticas, as BSs que atuam como nĂłs interferentes tambĂ©m sĂŁo consideradas separadamente na sala 2 ou na sala 3. Ao variar as posições de UE dentro da sala 1, foi possĂvel
verificar que os valores superiores da potĂŞncia recebida ocorrem prĂłximos Ă BS central. No
entanto, a potência recebida não diminui repentinamente por causa do efeito do ganho reduzido no diagrama de radiação na parte traseira da antena. Além disso, foi demonstrado que existe um efeito de “atenuação da parede” comprovado pelo aumento da atenuação de
trajeto entre a sala 1 e a sala 2 (ou entre a sala 2 e 3). Se considerarmos uma atenuação para
cada parede de cerca de 7-9 dB, verifica-se a tendĂŞncia do modelo WINNER II a 2.625 GHz
para a interferência que atravessa as diversas paredes. Trabalhos futuros incluem a investigação da banda de frequência de 3.5 GHz.
Já a terceira fase foi realizada nas instalações do antigo aeródromo da Covilhã, e em todas
as fases servimo-nos de uma licença concedida pela Entidade Reguladora do Espectro (ICPANACOM), que permitiu realizar testes de verificação da propagação do sinal no ambiente
livre na faixa de frequência dos 2.6 GHz com 2500 – 2510 MHz (UL - Uplink) e 2620 – 2630
MHz (DL - Downlink). A terceira fase ainda está a decorrer nas instalações do antigo aerĂłdromo da CovilhĂŁ, mediante a mesma licença temporária que nos foi atribuĂda pelo Instituto
de Comunicações de Portugal ou Autoridade Nacional de Comunicações (ICP-ANACOM)
sendo esta reguladora do espectro. O objetivo Ă© continuar a investigar o comportamento
de duas inclinações no cenário UMi. Testes muito iniciais LTE-Advanced foram realizados
para verificar a propagação dos dois raios (direto e refletido, com uma reflexão no asfalto)
do BS implementado com o sistema USRP B210 e srsLTE, considerando uma célula urbana
com um comprimento de 80 metros uma estação base interferente em 320 metros, a operar, provisoriamente, a 2500 - 2510 MHz (na ligação descendente, DL - Downlink, devido
Ă disponibilidade de uma antena direcional especĂfica para esta banda).
Finalmente este trabalho de investigação pode ser resumidamente dividido em três categorias, nomeadamente investigação de análises teóricas e matemáticas relevantes da propagação de ondas de rádio em meios com e sem interferência significativa. Medições para verificar o comportamento do sinal de propagação da tecnologia LTE-Advanced com recursos ao
analisador de espectro, simulação das antenas, fabricação e medição das caracterĂsticas de
radiação das mesmas. Assim, as antenas concebidas com bons resultados foram fabricadas
nas instalações da Faculdade de CiĂŞncias no Departamento de FĂsica da Universidade da
Beira Interior, sendo de seguidas testadas e caracterizadas com o auxĂlio do Vector Nettwork
Analyzer disponĂvel no LaboratĂłrio de Telecomunicações do Departamento de Engenharia
Eletromecânica da Universidade da Beira Interior. E, finalmente, os cálculos estatĂsticos que
incluem o teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov com recurso ao software estatĂstico
SPSS para validar os resultados obtidos seguida da construção dos gráficos no Matlab em
3D, conforme a superfĂcie da sala
Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments
The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin
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An optimization paradigm for wideband antenna arrays : integrating electromagnetics and information theory
As larger bandwidths are used in multiple-antenna wireless systems, the frequency selectivity of the antenna arrays starts to impact rate. Therefore, optimizing the achievable rate in compact antenna arrays becomes important especially for future wireless networks that can require octaves of bandwidth. With the emergence of 6G technologies, using terahertz (THz) frequency bands become inevitable to achieve terabit rates. Hence, in this dissertation, we focus on combining wireless communication theory and electromagnetics theory to provide a new platform that addresses the challenges in future wireless networks. In this dissertation, we introduce a circuit-level analysis of compact wideband antennas at sub-6GHz bands. We present an approach that combines the mathematics of information theory with the physics behind antenna theory. Then, we focus on designing antenna arrays for future 6G technologies that can maintain a full rank channel in the presence of a line-of-sight (LoS) component. Lastly, we introduce a passive reflective intelligent surface (RIS) that helps in redirecting the signal efficiently to the intended user. In Chapter 2 of the dissertation, we focus on optimizing the achievable rate in compact antenna arrays. We present a system model that incorporates the effects of mutual coupling (MC) of wideband physically realizable single-input multiple-output (SIMO) and multiple-input single-output (MISO) antenna systems. For the SIMO system setup, we extract the noise correlation matrices for two different antenna array configurations (parallel and co-linear). We optimize the inter-element spacing in each alignment while maximizing the achievable rate and fixing the transmit power. Then, we compare the two compact antenna designs to a perfectly matched single omni-directional antenna while accounting for MC. Likewise, for the MISO antenna system, we derive the optimal beamformer that maximizes the achievable rate using the same antenna configurations as the SIMO system. Then, we study the impact of MC and develop a new single-port matching technique for wideband antenna arrays. Finally, we provide reciprocity plots to compare the performance of the SIMO-MISO systems using different channel models. In Chapter 3 of the dissertation, we present an optimized antenna port switching technique for a LoS multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system operating at THz frequencies. MIMO technology usually requires a rich scattering environment to work properly and uses non-line-of-sight (NLoS) components. When MIMO is used in high-frequency point-to-point microwave links, however, the channel will have a dominant LoS component. For a LoS MIMO system to maintain spatial diversity, the signal streams should remain orthogonal to each other. Therefore, we design an optimally spaced uniform linear array (ULA) and non-uniform linear array (NULA) that preserves the orthogonality between the signals in a mesh grid network. We present a novel technique that selects the proper antenna ports to be activated which results in preserving the signal stream orthogonality and achieves a good condition number for the channel matrix. Finally, we provide bit error rate (BER) plots to show the performance and flexibility of this novel approach. In Chapter 4 of the dissertation, we design a reconfigurable intelligent surface, which controls the state of the imposing electromagnetic waves at THz frequencies. Since at THz frequencies there is significant and severe path loss, current beamforming techniques use costly phased arrays or bulky reflector antennas that hinder and limit their applications. Furthermore, THz frequencies are highly susceptible to frequent link outages due to misalignment and obstruction thus severely affecting the overall system throughput and reliability. As a result, the designed RIS controls the properties of an electromagnetic signal and acts as a reflector and directs the impinging wave to its proper receiver (i.e. user equipment, base station). The reflective surface controls the phase of the reflected wave from each unit-cell, hence steers the reflected signal from the surface of the array to reach the intended user equipment and improves the user’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To show the effectiveness of our design, we provide plots of the beam-steering angle of the RIS.Electrical and Computer Engineerin