Aerospace medicine and biology: A cumulative index to a continuing bibliography (supplement 306)

This publication is a cumulative index to the abstracts contained in the Supplements 294 through 305 of Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A Continuing Bibliography. It includes seven indexes - subject, personal author, corporate source, foreign technology, contract number, report number, and accession number

The 22nd Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments and Water

Conference at a Glance Monday, October 16, 2006 Workshop #1: 8:30am - 5:00pm Workshop #2: 9:00am - 5:00pm Workshop #3: 10:00am - 5:00pm Workshops #4, 5 & 6: 1:00pm - 5:00pm Workshop #10: 2:00 - 5:00pm Workshop #1: Evaluating Monitored Natural Attenuation of MTBE and TBA Workshop #2: Getting to Closure at LNAPL Sites Workshop #3: In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Workshop Workshop #4: The Role of Anaerobic Biodegradation Processes in Passive and Enhanced Monitored Natural Attenuation Programs Workshop #5: The 2006 MCP Audit- A Case Study Approach Workshop #6: Integrating the Remediation Strategy into the Lifecycle of a Contaminated Sediments Project Workshop #10: Environmental Fate of Hydrocarbons in Soils and Groundwater Tuesday, October 17, 2006 Morning 8:30am - 9:00am Conference Welcome and Overview 9:00am - Noon Sessions are concurrent Session 1: Risk Assessment Session 2: Site Assessment Session 3: Legal/Regulatory Session 4: Heavy Metals Session 5: Combining Chemical and Biological Technologies for Soil and Groundwater Remediation Afternoon 1:30pm - 5:30pm Sessions are concurrent Session 1: Environmental Biotechnology Session 2: Analysis Session 3: Ozone Remedial Barrier and Clean-up systems for Fuel and Solvent Spills Session 4: Emerging Contaminants Session 5: Phytoremediation Poster Session 4:00 - 6:00pm, Exhibit Area, First Floor, Campus Center Social 4:30-6:00pm, Exhibit Area, First Floor, Campus Center Workshops Evening, 7:00 - 10:00pm Workshop #7: Applied Chemical Fingerprinting in Environmental Forensics Workshop #8: In-Situ Thermal Remediation Wednesday, October 18, 2006 Morning 8:30am - Noon Sessions are concurrent Session 1: Environmental Benefits and Risks of Nanomaterials Session 2: Chemical Oxidation Session 3: Environmental Forensics *Session 4A: Oxygenates and Public Water Supplies *Session 4B: Evaluating and Management of Small Releases from USTs Afternoon 1:30pm - 5:30pm Sessions are concurrent Session 1: Remediation Session 2: Natural Resource Damage Assessments: Integrating Remediation and Restoration Session 3: Perchlorate *Session 4A: Oxygenate Biodegradation *Session 4B: Ethanol Fuels *Please note: Sessions 4A and 4Bmorning and afternoon will run concurrently with the other sessions, BUT the presentation times will not be the same as presentation times for Sessions 1, 2 and 3. Please consult the final program for presentation times Poster Session 4:00 - 6:00pm, Exhibit Area, First Floor, Campus Center Social 4:30-6:00pm, Exhibit Area, First Floor, Campus Center Workshops Evening, 7:00 - 10:00pm Workshop #9: Down-Gradient Property Status: Practices and Pitfalls Workshop #10 has been moved to Monday, October 16, 2006, from 2:00 - 5:00pm. Thursday, October 19, 2006 Morning 8:30am -Noon Sessions are concurrent Session 1: Vapor Intrusion Session 2: Implementing Aggressive Remediation Strategies Session 3: Bioremediation Session 4: Contaminated Sites Research in Canada & the Contaminated Sites Action Plan Afternoon 1:30pm – 5:30pm Sessions are concurrent Session 1: Sediments Session 2: Arsenic Session 3A: Brownfields Session 3B: Environmental Fate Session 4: Pesticide

Integrating safety analysis techniques, supporting identification of common cause failures.

When we apply safety analysis techniques on a new design, our primary objective is to malfunctions. The ultimate aim is to identify weak areas of the design and stimulate design iterations that improve the safety of the system under examination. Unfortunately, the current industrial pratrise shows that this aim is seriously hindered by the lack of appropriate techniques for the analysis of complex hierarchical designs

Reduction of Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactors - Development of Innovative and Sustainable Techniques

Over the past decade, membrane technology has become a worldwide implemented, acknowledged separation process. Although membrane bioreactors (MBRs) still require further research efforts re-garding operating and economic efficiency, they offer considerable advantages compared to conven-tional activated sludge systems, such as smaller foot print, modular construction, and superior effluent quality. They are especially preferred in cases where stringent water quality requirements have to be guaranteed. One of the main challenges in the operation of MBRs is membrane fouling, causing flux decrease and the increase of the transmembrane pressure. Its control and prevention result in high manpower re-quirements as well as in increased electrical power consumption and the need for cleaning chemicals. Therefore, most MBR researches aim to identify, investigate, and control membrane fouling. The research on fouling reduction and permeability loss in MBRs was carried out at three MBR pilot plants with synthetic and real wastewater. On the one hand, the effect of mechanical cleaning with an abrasive granular material on the performance of a submerged MBR process was tested. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements and integrity tests (rejection measurements and water microbiology testing) were conducted to check whether the membrane material was damaged by granulates. The results indicate that the fouling layer formation was significantly reduced by abrasion using the granular material. This technique allowed a long-term operation of more than 600 days at a flux up to 40 L/(m2h) without chemical cleaning of the membranes. However, at high flux rates (> 35 L/(m2h)) a significant decline in permeability was observed, presumably as a result of permeation drag forces that might draw the particulate and colloidal matter towards the membrane surface. It was demonstrated that the MBR with granulate could be operated with more than 27 % higher flux compared to conventional MBR operation. SEM images and integrity tests showed that in consequence of abrasive cleaning, the granular material left brush marks on the membrane surface; however, the membrane function was not affected. Rejection measurements indicated no damaging effects by granu-late, as the rates were comparable with those of new membranes (> 90 %). Water microbiology test-ing (removal of E. coli and total coliforms) showed that granulate did not have any negative impact on the membranes and still rejected almost all bacteria in the system. Additionally to the experiments with granulate, the impact of membrane backwash, using a salt brine solution, the impact of chemical and physical cleaning (relaxation breaks), and the effect of changed milieu conditions (aerobic, anaerobic) on membrane fouling was investigated. Among the chemical and physical methods relaxation breaks have proved to enhance membrane performance; however, this involves high specific costs due to operation interruptions, i.e. low membrane throughput. Research on permeability loss was carried out to investigate the influence of operating conditions (temperature, sludge retention time/sludge loading, and wastewater composition) and the influence of activated sludge characteristics (mixed liquor suspended solids, colloidal matter, truly soluble matter, viscosity) on fouling. It was shown that the concentration of the colloidal fraction obviously depends on the operating temperature and sludge retention time (SRT). A nearly linear correlation between the colloidal fraction (CODcolloidal) and the concentration of biopolymers (proteins and polysaccharides) was found. However, while a relationship between the retention of biopolymers and capillary suction time (CST) of activated sludge was found, a clearly connection with the permeability of the investi-gated membranes did not exist. It was observed that the addition of polyaluminum chloride coagulant resulted in the reduction of the colloidal fraction in the supernatant by up to 80 % of the initial value. The coagulant even bound soluble matter < 0.04 μm, as the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concen-tration of permeate was slightly higher. Fractionation tests showed that the colloidal fraction (0.04-0.1 μm) constituted the largest percen-tage of COD (71 %) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (81 %) of samples during high fouling in the MBR, whereas this fraction made up only 21 % (COD) and 20 % (DOC) of samples during low fouling. It was observed that the biological degradation of organic matter was much higher during periods of low fouling and only 41 % of organic compounds were retained by the membrane in the reactor com-pared to 84 % during periods of high fouling. This implies that most of the biopolymers (proteins, po-lysaccharides) were retained in the reactor by membrane separation. In a parallel experimental set up, the impact of the operationally fraction 0.04 μm rather than by the dissolved fraction of wastewater and activated sludge. The rheological measurements showed a structural viscous behavior of the investigated activated sludge samples. Moreover, it was found that with increasing mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, the viscosity also tends to increase. The viscosity amounted to 18 mPas at a “common” MLSS concentration of 12 g/L in MBRs and a shear rate of 40 s-1. A correlation between the apparent viscosity and the retention of proteins and polysaccharides in the mixed liquor filtrate of activated sludge was observed. The coefficients of both model approaches (Oswald de Waele and Herschel-Bulkley) could be described as a function of MLSS concentration using a non-linear regression analysis, however the Oswald de Waele approach showed a better plausibility with the measured values. It was demonstrated that the energy consumption of the coarse-bubble crossflow system for fouling control is about two times higher than the fine-bubble crossflow system for oxygen supply

Global Trends & Challenges in Water Science, Research and Management

The global water challenge is unprecedented. Climate change, rapid urbanisation, increasing consumption and demand for food and energy, and changing land use, will leave few countries and communities unaffected. The demand for water and sanitation services is greater than it has ever been, and water has never been higher on the agenda. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) not only provide a framework to address water challenges, they put water at the centre of the global agenda on sustainable development. This presents opportunities for the water sector to develop innovative solutions and scale-up best practice. Water management is a complex multi-disciplinary topic, and water professionals come in many different shapes. One of the unique strengths of IWA is bringing together experts from across the globe and specialisations into communities of practice, IWA’s Specialist Groups. Connecting people from across disciplines and across national boundaries accelerates the science, innovation and practice that can make a difference in addressing water challenges and pushes the sustainability agenda. The Global Trends and Challenges in Water Science, Research and Management compendium draws upon the expertise of IWA’s specialist groups who have identified the hot topics, innovations and global trends in water science, research and management that will have impact in solving global water challenges. The compendium highlights a diversity of approaches, from detailed technical and scientific aspects to more integrated approaches

Aeronautical engineering: A cumulative index to a continuing bibliography (supplement 248)

This publication is a cumulative index to the abstracts contained in Supplements 236 through 247 of Aeronautical Engineering: A Continuing Bibliography. The bibliographic series is compiled through the cooperative efforts of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Seven indexes are included -- subject, personal author, corporate source, foreign technology, contract number, report number and accession number

Biomass Processing for Biofuels, Bioenergy and Chemicals

Biomass can be used to produce renewable electricity, thermal energy, transportation fuels (biofuels), and high-value functional chemicals. As an energy source, biomass can be used either directly via combustion to produce heat or indirectly after it is converted to one of many forms of bioenergy and biofuel via thermochemical or biochemical pathways. The conversion of biomass can be achieved using various advanced methods, which are broadly classified into thermochemical conversion, biochemical conversion, electrochemical conversion, and so on. Advanced development technologies and processes are able to convert biomass into alternative energy sources in solid (e.g., charcoal, biochar, and RDF), liquid (biodiesel, algae biofuel, bioethanol, and pyrolysis and liquefaction bio-oils), and gaseous (e.g., biogas, syngas, and biohydrogen) forms. Because of the merits of biomass energy for environmental sustainability, biofuel and bioenergy technologies play a crucial role in renewable energy development and the replacement of chemicals by highly functional biomass. This book provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research addressing recent progress in biomass conversion processes. It also covers studies on advanced techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production