Noticias de ataques y destrucciones en Orihuela durante el período andalusí (ss. VIII-XIII)

Tras resumirse "Los elementos esenciales de la trama urbana de Orihuela", se estudian los principales hechos históricos durante el período islámico de la ciudad de Orihuela "s. VIII-XIII) en que hay noticia de ataques militares a la ciudad y destrucciones : El ataque de los normandos a Orihuela en 245 H ./859 e.C.; Aceifa del califa ‘Abd al-Raḥmān III al-Nāṣir contra Orihuela y sus rebeldes; La "fitnat al-barbar" o guerra civil que acabó con el califato andalusí; El terremoto posterior a 440 H/1048-9 e.C. que asoló toda la vega del río Segura y finalmente la conquista cristiana de Orihuela. Como conclusiones para el estudio del urbanismo musulmán de Orihuela se demuestra que solo hubo destrucciones en el trazado urbano de importancia como resultado del mencionado terremoto que asoló y destruyó las ciudades de Murcia, Orihuela y toda la Vega Baja del río Segura.After summarizing "The essential elements of the Muslim urbanism of Orihuela", are studied the main historical facts of the city of Orihuela during it Islamic period (8th--13th c.) in which we have notices of military attacks against the city and destruction, as: The Norman attack to Orihuela in 245 H. / 859 a.C.; Aceifa of the Caliph Abd al-Raḥmān III al-Nāṣir against Orihuela and its rebels; The 'fitnat al-barbar' or civil war that ended with the Andalusi Caliphate; The earthquake after the year 440 H/1048-9 a.C. that devastated all the fertile valley of the river Segura, and finally the Christian conquest of Orihuela. As conclusions for the Muslim urbanism of Orihuela is showed how only there was an important destruction in the urban layout as a result of the mentioned earthquake that partially destroyed the cities of Murcia, Orihuela and all the Vega Baja of the river Segura

E pot hom bé dir que aquell és dels gracioses regnes del món. Jaime I y el Reino de Murcia: conquista y cesión

Aquest article es construeix a manera de reflexió sobre la natura de la intervenció militar de Jaume I en el regnat de Múrcia a principis de la segona meitat del segle XIII. Inserit dins del procés d'eixamplament de la societat feudal a la Península Ibèrica, i convenientment contextualitzat, el treball analitza les raons que porten al rei d'Aragó a emprendre una costosa campanya militar contra un domini cristià alié, tot i que en procés de ser recuperat per l'Islam, i es conclou que es van imposar raons d'oportunitat d'orde políticodiplomàtic enfront d'altres de caràcter més banal vinculades al prestigi.This article analizes the nature of Jaume I’s military intervention in the Kingdom of Murcia at the beginning of the second half of the 13th century. As feudal structures took hold in the Iberian Peninsula, the King of Aragon undertook a costly military campaign against another Christian Kingdom that was on the verge of being defeated by Islamic forces. The reasons for Jaume’s conquest campaign were mostly of a diplomatic nature rather than the acquisition of prestige.El presente estudio, sobre una conferencia inicial, ha sido elaborado en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación titulado “Redes sociales y proyección económica en una sociedad de frontera: el sur del reino de Valencia entre los siglos XIII-XV” (HAR2010-22090), financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y dirigido desde la Universidad de Alicante por el autor del mismo. También está inscrito en la matriz de los proyectos competitivos de investigación “Constitució d’un Corpus per a la Gramàtica del Catalá Modern” (fianciado por el Institut d’Estudis Catalans [PT2012-S04-MARTINES]), “Gramàtica del Català Modern (1601-1834)” (financiado por el MINECO, Ref. FFI2012-37103), Digicotracam (Programa PROMETEO de la Generalitat Valenciana per a Grups d’Investigació en I+D d’Excel·lència [Ref.: PROMETEO-2009-042], “aquest és un projecte cofinançat pel FEDER de la UE”), “Grup d’Investigació en Tecnologia Educativa en Història de la Cultura, Diacronia lingüística i Traducció” (financiado por el Vicerectorat de Tecnologia i Innovació Educativa de la UA [Ref. GITE-09009-UA]). Todos estos proyectos se inscriben en la matriz del Institut Superior d’Investigació Cooperativa IVITRA [ISIC-IVITRA] de la Generalitat Valenciana (ISIC/012/042)

Evolution of the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Spain between March and November 2020: SEMI-COVID national registry

Objectives: Since the results of the RECOVERY trial, WHO recommendations about the use of corticosteroids (CTs) in COVID-19 have changed. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolutive use of CTs in Spain during the pandemic to assess the potential influence of new recommendations. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was conducted on adults hospitalised due to COVID-19 in Spain who were included in the SEMI-COVID- 19 Registry from March to November 2020. Results: CTs were used in 6053 (36.21%) of the included patients. The patients were older (mean (SD)) (69.6 (14.6) vs. 66.0 (16.8) years; p < 0.001), with hypertension (57.0% vs. 47.7%; p < 0.001), obesity (26.4% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.0001), and multimorbidity prevalence (20.6% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001). These patients had higher values (mean (95% CI)) of C-reactive protein (CRP) (86 (32.7-160) vs. 49.3 (16-109) mg/dL; p < 0.001), ferritin (791 (393-1534) vs. 470 (236- 996) µg/dL; p < 0.001), D dimer (750 (430-1400) vs. 617 (345-1180) µg/dL; p < 0.001), and lower Sp02/Fi02 (266 (91.1) vs. 301 (101); p < 0.001). Since June 2020, there was an increment in the use of CTs (March vs. September; p < 0.001). Overall, 20% did not receive steroids, and 40% received less than 200 mg accumulated prednisone equivalent dose (APED). Severe patients are treated with higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%. Conclusions: Patients with greater comorbidity, severity, and inflammatory markers were those treated with CTs. In severe patients, there is a trend towards the use of higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%

Evolution of the Use of Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients in Spain between March and November 2020: SEMI-COVID National Registry

Objectives: Since the results of the RECOVERY trial, WHO recommendations about the use of corticosteroids (CTs) in COVID-19 have changed. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolutive use of CTs in Spain during the pandemic to assess the potential influence of new recommendations. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was conducted on adults hospitalised due to COVID-19 in Spain who were included in the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry from March to November 2020. Results: CTs were used in 6053 (36.21%) of the included patients. The patients were older (mean (SD)) (69.6 (14.6) vs. 66.0 (16.8) years; p < 0.001), with hypertension (57.0% vs. 47.7%; p < 0.001), obesity (26.4% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.0001), and multimorbidity prevalence (20.6% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001). These patients had higher values (mean (95% CI)) of C-reactive protein (CRP) (86 (32.7-160) vs. 49.3 (16-109) mg/dL; p < 0.001), ferritin (791 (393-1534) vs. 470 (236-996) mu g/dL; p < 0.001), D dimer (750 (430-1400) vs. 617 (345-1180) mu g/dL; p < 0.001), and lower Sp0(2)/Fi0(2) (266 (91.1) vs. 301 (101); p < 0.001). Since June 2020, there was an increment in the use of CTs (March vs. September; p < 0.001). Overall, 20% did not receive steroids, and 40% received less than 200 mg accumulated prednisone equivalent dose (APED). Severe patients are treated with higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%. Conclusions: Patients with greater comorbidity, severity, and inflammatory markers were those treated with CTs. In severe patients, there is a trend towards the use of higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%

Entomofauna associated the plants of the campus of the University of Alicante (Spain)

La entomofauna de los espacios verdes urbanos es poco conocida aun siendo reservorio de insectos plaga y beneficiosos. Este estudio tiene como principal objetivo catalogar los insectos plaga y sus potenciales enemigos naturales con el propósito de facilitar información para un correcto manejo integrado de este ecosistema ajardinado. Se realizaron muestreos durante 6 meses que dieron como resultado el registro de interacciones entre niveles tróficos así como la identificación de 69 especies, 53 insectos fitófagos potencialmente plaga o polinizadores pertenecientes a 7 órdenes y 28 familias (áfidos, trips, coleópteros, cochinillas, psílidos, aleuródidos, àpidos, minadoras de hojas y frutos… ), 2 especies de ácaros potencialemente plaga así como 14 enemigos naturales, depredadores o parasitoides, pertenecientes a 5 órdenes y 8 familias. Podemos concluir que la entomofauna fitófaga se encuentra bien controlada, en general, por sus enemigos naturales y que participan en una amplia red de interacciones tritróficas: planta-fitófago-enemigo natural cuyo conocimiento es crucial para el establecimiento de estrategias acertadas de control integrado de plagas en estos ecosistemas urbanos donde el uso de productos fitosanitarios está cada día más restringido.The entomofauna of the urban greenspaces is little known even being a reservoir of plague and beneficial insects. The main objective of this study is to catalogue pest insects and their potential natural enemies with the purpose of providing information for a correct integrated management of this landscaped ecosystem. Samples were carried out during 6 months that resulted in the recording of interactions between trophic levels as well as the identification of 69 species, 53 phytophagous insects potentially plague or pollinators belonging to 7 orders and 28 families (aphids, thrips, coleoptera, cochineals, psyllids, aleurodids, bees, leaf and fruit miners…), 2 species of potentially plague mites as well as 14 natural enemies, predators or parasitoids, belonging to 5 orders and 8 families. We can conclude that the entomofauna phytophaga is well controlled, in general, by its natural enemies and that they participate in a wide network of tritrophic interactions: plant-phytophagous-natural enemy whose knowledge is crucial for the establishment of successful strategies of integrated pest control in these urban ecosystems where the use of phytosanitary products is increasingly restricted

Efficacy of lufenuron as chemosterilant against Ceratitis capitata in field trials

[EN] Two field trials in citrus orchards in Turis (Valencia, Spain) and Denia (Alicante, Spain) were performed in order to test the sterilant effect of the insect growth regulator lufenuron against wild medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) populations. Two application methods for lufenuron were tested: spraying, in spots, an emulsion of lufenuron in a protein bait, and hanging delta traps that contained a proteinaceous gel with lufenuron (solid bait). The sterilant effect was measured as medfly population reduction, reduction of fruit damage in treated fields, and the number of eggs hatching in punctured fruits. In order to assess the efficacy of lufenuron treatments, we recorded results obtained from two different zones in both trial fields: an outer zone, close to untreated fields, and an inner zone, in the centre of lufenuron treated fields. We observed a minimum sterilant effect in the outer zone and a maximum sterilant effect in the inner one. The maximum sterilant effect was in the inner zone, where a reduction of medfly population of 80.4% in the sprayed field and a reduction of 77.6% in the solid bait field was observed. In addition, the greater the distance from the untreated zones of the treated orchard (inwards), the lower the fruit damage and medfly population level. In this inner zone, fruit punctured by medfly developed significantly fewer larvae (38.8%) than punctured fruits from the outer zone (68.6%). In addition, we recorded the decline in the activity of the lufenuron treatments with time. Lufenuron activity persisted in field for at least two weeks with spray applications, and for three months with bait gels. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.[ES] Se realizaron dos ensayos de campo en huertos de cítricos en Turis (Valencia, España) y Denia (Alicante, España) para probar el efecto esterilizante del regulador del crecimiento de insectos lufenurón en poblaciones silvestres de moscamed Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Se probaron dos métodos de aplicación del lufenurón: pulverización en puntos, de una emulsión de lufenurón en un cebo proteico y trampas delta colgantes que contenían un gel proteico con lufenurón (cebo sólido). El efecto esterilizante se midió como la reducción de la población de moscamed, la reducción del daño de la fruta en los campos tratados y el número de huevos que eclosionan en las frutas perforadas. Para evaluar la eficacia de los tratamientos con lufenurón, se registraron los resultados obtenidos en dos zonas diferentes en ambos campos de prueba: una zona exterior, cerca de los campos no tratados, y una zona interior, en el centro de los campos tratados con lufenurón. Se observó un efecto esterilizante mínimo en la zona exterior y un efecto esterilizante máximo en la zona interior. El máximo efecto esterilizante fue en la zona interior, donde se observó una reducción de la población de mosca med del 80,4% en el campo asperjado y una reducción del 77,6% en el campo de cebo sólido. Además, cuanto mayor es la distancia de las zonas no tratadas del huerto tratado (hacia el interior), menor es el daño de la fruta y el nivel de población de moscamed. En esta zona interna, los frutos atacados por moscamed desarrollaron significativamente menos larvas (38,8%) que los frutos atacados en la zona exterior (68,6%). Además, se registró la disminución de la actividad de los tratamientos con lufenurón con el tiempo. La actividad de lufenurón persistió en el campo durante al menos dos semanas con aplicaciones de aspersión y durante tres meses con geles de cebo. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.We wish to thank Hiper-Riego and Jose Soler for lending their orchards for the field trial. Francisco Cuenca helped with the monitoring of punctured fruit. This research was funded by the Conseller´ıa de Agricultura de la Generalitat Valenciana, and Fundacion Jose y Ana Rollo. We also thank Fernando ´ Alfaro Lassala for his advice in field trial methodologyNavarro-Llopis, V.; Sanchis Cabanes, J.; Ayala Mingol, I.; Casaña Giner, V.; Primo Yufera, E. (2004). Efficacy of lufenuron as chemosterilant against Ceratitis capitata in field trials. Pest Management Science. 60(9):914-920. doi:10.1002/ps.902S91492060

Mutational Characterization of Cutaneous Melanoma Supports Divergent Pathways Model for Melanoma Development

This article belongs to the Special Issue Melanoma: Prevention and Molecular Epidemiology.[Simple Summary] The divergent pathway model established at least two approaches for melanoma development. One was related to a propensity to melanocytic proliferation (nevogenic), and the other was associated with an accumulation of solar damage (CSD). We conducted a retrospective study to examine whether this model had a molecular support using sequencing and bioinformatic tools on a set of cutaneous melanomas corresponding to these two groups. We found that the nevogenic melanomas were associated with mutations in BRAF, while the CSD melanomas were associated with mutations in NF1, ROS1, GNA11, and RAC1. We concluded that nevogenic and CSD melanomas constitute two different biological entities.[Abstract] According to the divergent pathway model, cutaneous melanoma comprises a nevogenic group with a propensity to melanocyte proliferation and another one associated with cumulative solar damage (CSD). While characterized clinically and epidemiologically, the differences in the molecular profiles between the groups have remained primarily uninvestigated. This study has used a custom gene panel and bioinformatics tools to investigate the potential molecular differences in a thoroughly characterized cohort of 119 melanoma patients belonging to nevogenic and CSD groups. We found that the nevogenic melanomas had a restricted set of mutations, with the prominently mutated gene being BRAF. The CSD melanomas, in contrast, showed mutations in a diverse group of genes that included NF1, ROS1, GNA11, and RAC1. We thus provide evidence that nevogenic and CSD melanomas constitute different biological entities and highlight the need to explore new targeted therapies.This study was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI15/01860; PI19/00667), the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer-Valencia through “Ayudas predoctorales en Oncología” grant, and the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (PPRC-2018-36)

An English-Italian MWE dictionary

La traduzione delle polirematiche richiede la conoscenza del corretto equivalente nella lingua di arrivo che raramente è il risultato di una traduzione letterale. Questo contributo si basa sul presupposto che il corretto trattamento delle polirematiche in applicazioni di Trattamento Automatico del Linguaggio (TAL) ed in particolare di Traduzione Automatica e nelle tecnologie per la traduzione, più in generale, richiede un approccio computazionale che deve essere, almeno in parte, basato su dati linguistici, ed in particolare su una descrizione linguistica esplicita delle polirematiche, mediante l’uso di un dizionario macchina ed un insieme di regole. L'ipotesi è che un approccio linguistico può integrare le metodologie statisticoprobabilistiche per una corretta identificazione e traduzione delle polirematiche, poiché risorse linguistiche quali dizionari macchina e grammatiche locali ottengono risultati accurati per gli scopi del TAL. La metodologia adottata per questa ricerca si basa su (i) Nooj, un ambiente TAL che permette lo sviluppo e la sperimentazione di risorse linguistiche, (ii) un dizionario macchina Inglese- Italiano di polirematiche, (iii) un insieme di grammatiche locali. Il dizionario è costituito principalmente da verbi frasali, verbi supporto, espressioni idiomatiche e collocazioni inglesi e contiene diversi tipi di modelli di polirematiche nonché la loro traduzione in lingua italiana.The translation of Multiword Expressions (MWEs) requires the knowledge of the correct equivalent in the target language which is hardly ever the result of a literal translation. This paper is based on the assumption that the proper treatment of MWEs in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and in particular in Machine Translation and Translation technologies calls for a computational approach which must be, at least partially, knowledge-based, and in particular should be grounded on an explicit linguistic description of MWEs, both using an electronic dictionary and a set of rules. The hypothesis is that a linguistic approach can complement probabilistic methodologies to help identify and translate MWEs correctly since hand-crafted and linguisticallymotivated resources, in the form of electronic dictionaries and local grammars, obtain accurate and reliable results for NLP purposes. The methodology adopted for this research work is based on (i) Nooj, an NLP environment which allows the development and testing of the linguistic resources, (ii) an electronic English-Italian MWE dictionary, (iii) a set of local grammars. The dictionary mainly consists of English phrasal verbs, support verb constructions, idiomatic expressions and collocations together with their translation in Italian and contains different types of MWE POS pattern

Irrigation and changes in jurisdiction in the Bajo Segura region under today's regional laws

Se analiza en este trabajo las transformaciones operadas en la articulación territorial de la jurisdicción de aguas en un macrosistema hidráulico complejo, controlado inicialmente por la ciudad de Orihuela —en el sur valenciano—, a lo largo de los siglos XVI y XVII. Su dinámica temporal muestra, por un lado, una dispersión desigual de las instancias de gestión interna correspondientes a los diferentes sistemas de acequias, que aparece ligada a los procesos de segregación municipal operados en el antiguo término general de dicha ciudad y a la construcción de nuevos azudes. Por otro, se asiste también, para contrarrestar aquella tendencia centrífuga, al reforzamiento de una jurisdicción de aguas centralizada, con la importante novedad que supuso su control directo por parte de la Corona.In this essay we analyze the changes that occurred in the water jurisdiction within an hydraulic complex macrosystem, controlled in the beginning by the city of Orihuela —in the South of the Valencian region (Spain)— throughout the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. As a result, we will show, on the one hand, an unequal dispersion of the instances of internal management corresponding to the different systems of irrigation ditches, which is connected to the process of municipal segregation produced in the ancient general district of the city of Orihuela and the building of new dams. On the other hand, we will pay attention to the reinforcement of a centralized water jurisdiction, with the important innovation that supposed a direct control by the Crown.Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación HAR2011-27062, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación

A dialect distance metric based on string and temporal alignment

The Levenshtein distance is an established metric to represent phonological distances between dialects. So far, this metric has usually been applied on manually transcribed word lists. In this study we introduce several extensions of the Levenshtein distance by incorporating probabilistic edit costs as well as temporal alignment costs. We tested all variants for compliance with the axioms that within-dialect utterance pairs are phonologically more similar than across-dialect ones. In contrast to former studies we are not applying the metrics on preselected, prototypical word lists but on real connected speech data which was automatically segmented and labeled. It turned out, that the transcription edit distances already performed well in reflecting the difference between within- and across-dialect comparisons, and that the adding of a temporal component rather weakens the performance of the metrics