Study and Analysis Emissions Specifications for Iraqi Automobiles

في هذا البحث تم التركيز على التلوث البيئي الناتج من احتراق وقود السيارات اذ قارنت الدراسة المواصفات القياسية العراقية مع المواصفات القياسية الاوربية للحدود العليا المسموحة لانبعاثات غازات العادم. حيث ظهرت الكثير من الاختلافات بين المواصفة العراقية والمواصفة الاوربية كون المواصفة العراقية محدودة ولا تشمل جميع الغازات المنبعثة من العادم على العكس من الاوربية، بالاضافة الى ان المواصفة العراقية تعتمد على الانبعاثات الناتجة من المركبات في ظروف التشغيل المثالية في حين المواصفة الاوربية يكون في ظروف تشغيلية مختلفة. هذه الدراسة اجريت على 35 مركبة اذ تم التحقق من الانبعاثات الناتجة من المركبات باستخدام جهاز تحليل العادم ومناقشة التباين في المواصفة العراقية حيث تم دراسة النتائج باستخدام مخططات السيطرة النوعية (X- bar) وتمثيلها بيانياً باستخدام برنامج (Minitab 2016). وكذلك استخدم مؤشر مقدرة العملية لقياس الانبعاثات الناتجة من المركبات ومدى مطابقتها للمواصفات القياسية. حيث أظهرت النتائجبواسطة مخططات السيطرة النوعية أن حوالي 30٪ من انبعاثات السيارات خارج حدود المواصفات القياسية العراقية، وهذا بدوره يؤثر سلبا على البيئة العراقية لأن الانبعاثات تؤثر بشكل مباشر وغير مباشر على البيئة وصحة الإنسان. ان ضمان الجودة يتطلب الرصد المستمر والتفتيش الدوري للمركبات للحد من الانبعاثات الضارة الناتجة احتراق الوقود وبالتالي يجب تحديث المواصفات القياسية العراقية بما يتلائم مع البيئة العراقية.In this research, focused on the environmental pollution from fuel combustions of automobiles, the study compared the maximum allowable limits for Iraqi emissions standard specification with the European emissions standard specification. Whereas many different between the Iraqi specification and European specification. The first one is limited unlike the second specification, which is dealt with all polluting gases, as well as differences in the measuring units between them. The Iraqi specification measures the emissions in ideal conditions while the European depends on the measurement on different operational conditions. This study was conducted on 35 automobiles, the emissions data was obtained by using an exhaust gas analyzer and represented by using a qualitative control tool ( - control charts); Minitab software version 2016 was used to generate quality control charts. Process capability index applied to measure the degree to which emissions meets the standard specifications. The results by control charts showed that about 30% of the automobiles emissions exceed the limits of the Iraqi standard specifications. This in turn affects negatively to the Iraqi environment, because emissions affect directly and indirectly to the environment and human health. Quality assurance requires continuous monitoring and Periodic inspections of automobiles to minimize and reduces harmful emissions from fuel combustion; therefore must be updated specification, as appropriate with the Iraqi environment

A Variable Control Chart Based on Process Capability Index Under Generalized Multiple Dependent State Sampling

This paper proposed a process capability index-based control chart under the new extended form of multiple-dependent state sampling (MDS) named generalized MDS (GMDS). The scheme is based on inner and outer control limits and utilizes the previous state of the samples. The performance comparisons of the proposed chart with the existing charts are made by using out-of-control ARL. The simulation study showed the superiority of the proposed chart over the existing PCI-based control charts under Shewhart and MDS schemes. An empirical illustration is also given to demonstrate the application of the proposed chart.11Ysciescopu

A sequential hypothesis testing procedure for the process capability index Cpk

In this study we propose a sequential procedure for hypothesis testing on the Cpk process capability index. We compare the properties of the sequential test with the performances of non-sequential tests by performing an extensive simulation study. The results indicate that the proposed sequential procedure makes it possible to save a large amount of sample size, which can be translated into reduced costs, time and resources

CAPABILITY INDICES FOR CONTROL CHARTS BASED ON REGRESSION MODELS

Process capability analysis is extremely important for optimization and quality improvement. It verifies whether the process under analysis is capable of producing items within engineering and customers’ specifications. The use of capability indices when assumptions are not satisfied leads to erroneous conclusions, compromising the study and analysis of the process, jeopardizing the fulfillment of requirements from management or external customers. Aiming at filling a gap identified in the literature, the main contributions of this work are: (i) proposition of capability indices for processes monitored through control charts based on regression models, for symmetric and asymmetric specifications; and (ii) comparison of the proposed indices with traditional capability indices through a simulated process

Propiedades distribucionales de índices de capacidad de procesos bajo distribuciones no normales

n.d.Ferreri, Noemí; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina

A LITERATURE SURVEY ON AUTOMOBILE FUEL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES

In this study, a survey of research papers on utilization of natural gas–hydrogen mixtures in internal combustion engines is carried out. The study addresses the issue of technological "lock-in" and the possibilities of escape from it. Earlier literature on technological lock-in has tended to focus on inter-industry sources of positive feedbacks that are at the core of the technological lock-in phenomena. This study draws attention to the importance of inter-industry sources in contributing to technological lock-in. Several possible avenues of escape from lock-in are discussed: crisis in existing technology, regulation, technological breakthroughs, changes in taste, emergence of niche markets, and new scientific results. The study includes a brief history of the competition among automobile technologies.  This literature study will help any researcher to do further research easily by following all papers collected and listed under reference

Measurement error effect on process capability indices

La importancia del análisis de capacidad de procesos deriva de la filosofía de adecuación a los requerimientos del cliente presentes en todo proyecto de calidad. Un proceso será satisfactorio siempre que sus productos respondan a los estándares fijados, ya sea por consideraciones técnicas como por exigencias del mercado. Durante los últimos 30 años se ha desarrollado y estudiado una gran variedad de índices que permiten comparar el comportamiento del proceso con las especificaciones impuestas, aunque casi todos los avances realizados asumen que no existen errores de medición en los datos recolectados, hecho que difícilmente es real en la práctica. Aún el uso de instrumentos de medición de última tecnología no garantiza la ausencia de imprecisiones. Si esto se ignora y el sistema de medición es inadecuado, los datos no reflejarán la realidad del proceso y las conclusiones del análisis podrían ser equivocadas. En este trabajo se realiza una breve reseña de los antecedentes existentes sobre el estudio de los efectos que los errores de medida pueden causar sobre las propiedades de los índices de capacidad de procesos y se realiza un aporte original analizando el efecto de errores sistemáticos sobre las propiedades del estimador del índice de capacidad Cpk.The importance of process capability analysis stems from the customer satisfaction philosophy present in all quality projects. A process will be satisfactory provided that their products meet the requirements imposed by technical considerations as well as by market demands. Over the past 30 years a variety of indexes has been developed to compare the process performance with the specifications, although most of these advances assume that there are no measurement errors in the collected data, a fact that is hardly true in practice. Even the use of gauges of leading technology does not guarantee accurate and precise data. If this is ignored and the measurement system is inadequate, the data will not reflect the reality of the process, leading to wrong conclusions. This paper presents a brief review of previous researches in the study of the effects that measurement errors have on the properties of the process capability indexes and an original contribution is made by analyzing the effect of systematic errors on the properties of the estimator of the capability index.Fil: Dianda, Daniela Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias económicas y Estadística. Escuela de Estadística. Instituto de Investigaciones Teóricas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Quaglino, Marta Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias económicas y Estadística. Escuela de Estadística. Instituto de Investigaciones Teóricas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Pagura, José Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias económicas y Estadística. Escuela de Estadística. Instituto de Investigaciones Teóricas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: De Castro, Maria Laura. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística; Argentin