Dyslexia and mobility-related social exclusion: The role of travel information provision

Transport is increasingly recognised as having a significant impact upon quality of life for people with disabilities. The ability to access opportunities, services, social networks and other goods is highly dependent upon the ability to access private and/or public transport. However, there are many barriers to transport access for people with disabilities. This paper considers access to the transport system for those with a specific learning disability, namely, dyslexia. The paper reports results from a series of focus groups, which highlight the problems accessing and using travel information for this group. The contribution of inaccessible information to mobility-related social exclusion is highlighted. It is argued that there is a need for accessible information as a component of strategies to tackle mobility-related social exclusion. In this context, the paper presents a number of recommendations that may facilitate greater ease of use of private and public transport for those with dyslexia, with an emphasis upon actions to create more accessible information systems. Such improvements are likely to benefit those with other learning disabilities, while also improving the usability of information systems for non-disabled travellers. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Motivation Modelling and Computation for Personalised Learning of People with Dyslexia

The increasing development of e-learning systems in recent decades has benefited ubiquitous computing and education by providing freedom of choice to satisfy various needs and preferences about learning places and paces. Automatic recognition of learners’ states is necessary for personalised services or intervention to be provided in e-learning environments. In current literature, assessment of learners’ motivation for personalised learning based on the motivational states is lacking. An effective learning environment needs to address learners’ motivational needs, particularly, for those with dyslexia. Dyslexia or other learning difficulties can cause young people not to engage fully with the education system or to drop out due to complex reasons: in addition to the learning difficulties related to reading, writing or spelling, psychological difficulties are more likely to be ignored such as lower academic self-worth and lack of learning motivation caused by the unavoidable learning difficulties. Associated with both cognitive processes and emotional states, motivation is a multi-facet concept that consequences in the continued intention to use an e-learning system and thus a better chance of learning effectiveness and success. It consists of factors from intrinsic motivation driven by learners’ inner feeling of interest or challenges and those from extrinsic motivation associated with external reward or compliments. These factors represent learners’ various motivational needs; thus, understanding this requires a multidisciplinary approach. Combining different perspectives of knowledge on psychological theories and technology acceptance models with the empirical findings from a qualitative study with dyslexic students conducted in the present research project, motivation modelling for people with dyslexia using a hybrid approach is the main focus of this thesis. Specifically, in addition to the contribution to the qualitative conceptual motivation model and ontology-based computational model that formally expresses the motivational factors affecting users’ continued intention to use e-learning systems, this thesis also conceives a quantitative approach to motivation modelling. A multi-item motivation questionnaire is designed and employed in a quantitative study with dyslexic students, and structural equation modelling techniques are used to quantify the influences of the motivational factors on continued use intention and their interrelationships in the model. In addition to the traditional approach to motivation computation that relies on learners’ self-reported data, this thesis also employs dynamic sensor data and develops classification models using logistic regression for real-time assessment of motivational states. The rule-based reasoning mechanism for personalising motivational strategies and a framework of motivationally personalised e-learning systems are introduced to apply the research findings to e-learning systems in real-world scenarios. The motivation model, sensor-based computation and rule-based personalisation have been applied to a practical scenario with an essential part incorporated in the prototype of a gaze-based learning application that can output personalised motivational strategies during the learning process according to the real-time assessment of learners’ motivational states based on both the eye-tracking data in addition to users’ self-reported data. Evaluation results have indicated the advantage of the application implemented compared to the traditional one without incorporating the present research findings for monitoring learners’ motivation states with gaze data and generating personalised feedback. In summary, the present research project has: 1) developed a conceptual motivation model for students with dyslexia defining the motivational factors that influence their continued intention to use e-learning systems based on both a qualitative empirical study and prior research and theories; 2) developed an ontology-based motivation model in which user profiles, factors in the motivation model and personalisation options are structured as a hierarchy of classes; 3) designed a multi-item questionnaire, conducted a quantitative empirical study, used structural equation modelling to further explore and confirm the quantified impacts of motivational factors on continued use intention and the quantified relationships between the factors; 4) conducted an experiment to exploit sensors for motivation computation, and developed classification models for real-time assessment of the motivational states pertaining to each factor in the motivation model based on empirical sensor data including eye gaze data and EEG data; 5) proposed a sensor-based motivation assessment system architecture with emphasis on the use of ontologies for a computational representation of the sensor features used for motivation assessment in addition to the representation of the motivation model, and described the semantic rule-based personalisation of motivational strategies; 6) proposed a framework of motivationally personalised e-learning systems based on the present research, with the prototype of a gaze-based learning application designed, implemented and evaluated to guide future work

Computer based writing support for dyslexic adults using language constraints

Computers have been used effectively to provide support for people with a variety of special needs. One such group is adults with dyslexia. Dyslexia is commonly recognised as a learning disorder characterised by reading, writing and spelling difficulties. It inhibits recognition and processing of graphic symbols, particularly those pertaining to language. Computers are a useful aid for dyslexic adults, especially word processors and their associated spelling tools. However, there are still areas where improvements are needed. Creating an environment, which minimises visual discomfort associated with proof reading and making selections from lists would be of benefit. Furthermore providing the correct type and level of support for spelling, grammar and sentence construction may result in higher standards being achieved. A survey of 250 dyslexic adults established their requirements and enabled the development of a specialist word processing system and associated spelling support tools. The hypothesis, that using a language with enforced structure and rigid constraints has a positive affect for dyslexic adults, was also tested. A support tool, which provided a controlled environment, to assist with sentence construction for dyslexic adults was developed from this. Three environments were created using the word processing system: environment 1 used the basic system with no support, environment 2 provided spelling support suggested by the survey subjects and environment 3 used the sentence constructing tool providing support and control. Using these environments in controlled experiments indicated that although environment 2 achieved high academic standards, environment 3 produced written work to an even higher standard and at the same time, the subjects derived greater satisfaction in using it. This research proves that working in a controlled, rigid environment, where structure is enforced, substantially benefits dyslexic adults performing computer-based writing tasks

Writing Development in Struggling Learners

In Writing Development in Struggling Learners, international researchers provide insights into the development of writing skills from early writing and spelling development through to composition, the reasons individuals struggle to acquire proficient writing skills and how to help these learners.; Readership: Academic libraries, graduate students; post-graduate researchers; literacy researchers; educated lay persons; literacy specialists; primary/secondary educators

“That’s where dyslexia doesn’t matter anymore when you’re doing creative stuff”: A case study on the experiences of learning with dyslexia on the Visual Merchandising and Display Degree Programme in DIT.

This research focuses on how students with dyslexia experience and manage their situation on the BA Visual Merchandising and Display (VM&D) programme in the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT). Dyslexia is an issue of growing importance for higher education with increasing numbers disclosing a specific learning difficulty. Under Irish law, Higher Education Institutes are legally responsible for providing an inclusive and accommodated environment for students learning with disabilities. One in every ten students in higher education is learning with dyslexia. Despite a lot of research on the effects of dyslexia, there is limited research on students’ feelings and experiences in higher education learning and particularly in the art and design field. This research addresses the gap in the literature by putting forth views and perspectives of students with dyslexia on the VM&D programme. This case study investigation is to discover effective strategies which will empower dyslexic students on the VM&D programme in their learning. It examines five dyslexic visual merchandising degree students’ experiences in DIT by using semi-structured interviews. The dyslexic students interviewed all provided different accounts of their learning on the VM&D programme. I set out three questions in my research aims which underpinned my interview questions. These were: What are the academic impacts of dyslexia? What are the emotional impacts of dyslexia? What strategies can the students see as ways to help/improve their learning experience on the VM&D programme? The findings that I present reveal how students experienced school and higher education. The emotional impact of dyslexia was prevalent throughout the interview. The experiences of supports throughout their learning journey in school and higher education factored heavily

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by failure to acquire, retrieve, and use information competently. These disorders have a multifactorial aetiology and are most common and severe in children, especially when comorbid with other chronic health conditions. This book provides current and comprehensive information about learning disorders, including information on neurobiology, assessment, clinical features, and treatment. Chapters cover such topics as historical research and hypotheses of learning disorders, neuropsychological assessment and counselling, characteristics of specific disorders such as autism and ADHD, evidence-based treatment strategies and assistive technologies, and much more

Writing Development in Struggling Learners

In Writing Development in Struggling Learners, international researchers provide insights into the development of writing skills from early writing and spelling development through to composition, the reasons individuals struggle to acquire proficient writing skills and how to help these learners.; Readership: Academic libraries, graduate students; post-graduate researchers; literacy researchers; educated lay persons; literacy specialists; primary/secondary educators

The use of computers and augmentative and alternative communication devices by children and young with cerebral palsy

[Abstract] The purpose of the study was to determine the use of computers and assistive devices amongst children with cerebral palsy (CP) and establish the satisfaction level of both users and educational staff. The study was carried out with 30 children with cerebral palsy. A questionnaire was designed to characterize the use of new technologies and assistive devices. Some of the questions were reserved for the teachers. Even though 29 users show some type of communication difficulty, only 4 users dispose of a computer-aided communication device, with the static symbolic board being the most widely used device (4). More than half of the participants (17) regularly use a computer, 16 of them requiring some type of assistive device. The perception of the teachers with regard to the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in the classrooms is positive in 5 out of 6 cases. ICTs only provide assistance if their application is accompanied by the involvement of professionals and the child's social environment. The low use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication techniques along with the absence of communication codes reveal the need to establish training protocols. The inclusion of social, physical, and personal factors is considered essential in order to evaluate the needs for assistive technology

How do medical doctors with specific learning difficulties (SpLD) cope in a clinical setting?

There have been a small number of studies conducted with qualified nurses and nursing/medical students with Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD), showing that SpLD may affect those in the medical profession in relation to clinical tasks, career choices and success. There has been an increase in the number of medical students with SpLD (Gibson and Leinster, 2011) entering the medical profession, yet there is very limited research available regarding doctors who have SpLD. This research aimed to explore how doctors with SpLD are coping in the workplace, the coping strategies used, any perceived possible areas of strength or weakness, and any practices for ensuring patient safety. It also explored the perceptions held by doctors with SpLD about the impact this has on their working life, and factors that could influence their career choice and success. These areas were also explored in relation to medical students. A mixed methods approach was used for this project, consisting of 3 studies incorporating quantitative questionnaires with 129 doctors (Study 1) and 74 medical students (Study 3) with and without SpLD and qualitative telephone interviews with 11 doctors with SpLD (Study 2). The results showed that the main difficulties participants with SpLD experienced were in relation to written work and associated tasks, such as spelling. These were often overcome through the use of coping strategies. The doctors rated their clinical skills highly and described strengths such as communication skills and empathy. The doctors were selective when deciding who to disclose their SpLD to. In conclusion this project showed that SpLD do have a number of effects on doctors in the workplace. Through the implementation of coping strategies and support doctors were able to successfully overcome any difficulties experienced, indicating that having SpLD did not prevent individuals from becoming successful doctors