Wireless body sensor networks for health-monitoring applications

This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in Physiological Measurement. The publisher is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/29/11/R01

Efficient and Secure Key Management and Authentication Scheme for WBSNs Using CP-ABE and Consortium Blockchain

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A secure routing approach based on league championship algorithm for wireless body sensor networks in healthcare

Patients must always communicate with their doctor for checking their health status. In recent years, wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) has an important contribution in Healthcare. In these applications, energy-efficient and secure routing is really critical because health data of individuals must be forwarded to the destination securely to avoid unauthorized access by malicious nodes. However, biosensors have limited resources, especially energy. Recently, energy-efficient solutions have been proposed. Nevertheless, designing lightweight security mechanisms has not been stated in many schemes. In this paper, we propose a secure routing approach based on the league championship algorithm (LCA) for wireless body sensor networks in healthcare. The purpose of this scheme is to create a tradeoff between energy consumption and security. Our approach involves two important algorithms: routing process and communication security. In the first algorithm, each cluster head node (CH) applies the league championship algorithm to choose the most suitable next-hop CH. The proposed fitness function includes parameters like distance from CHs to the sink node, remaining energy, and link quality. In the second algorithm, we employs a symmetric encryption strategy to build secure connection links within a cluster. Also, we utilize an asymmetric cryptography scheme for forming secure inter-cluster connections. Network simulator version 2 (NS2) is used to implement the proposed approach. The simulation results show that our method is efficient in terms of consumed energy and delay. In addition, our scheme has good throughput, high packet delivery rate, and low packet loss rate

Internet of Things brings Revolution in eHealth: Achievements and Challenges

The medical field has benefited greatly from the technological revolution around our world, as well as the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT aims to make life easier and more convenient by bridging the various gaps in connecting various devices that people employ. A wide range of applications and technologies, including wearable device development, advanced care services, personalized care packages, and remote patient monitoring, benefit healthcare professionals and patients. These technologies gave rise to new terms such as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), the Internet of Health Things (IoHT), e-Health, and telemedicine. With the advent of technology and the availability of various connected devices, smart healthcare, which has grown in popularity in recent years, has been positively redefined. Through the selection of literature reviews, we systematically investigate how the adoption (and integration) of IoT technologies in healthcare is changing the way traditional services and products are delivered. This paper outlines (i) selected IoT technologies and paradigms related to health care, as well as, (ii) various implementation scenarios for IoT-based models. It also discusses (iii) the various advantages of these applications and finally, (iv) a summary of lessons learned and recommendations for future applications

Design techniques for smart and energy-efficient wireless body sensor networks

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Informática, Departamento de Arquitectura de Computadores y Automática, leída el 26/10/2012Las redes inalámbricas de sensores corporales (en inglés: "wireless body sensor networks" o WBSNs) para monitorización, diagnóstico y detección de emergencias, están ganando popularidad y están llamadas a cambiar profundamente la asistencia sanitaria en los próximos años. El uso de estas redes permite una supervisión continua, contribuyendo a la prevención y el diagnóstico precoz de enfermedades, al tiempo que mejora la autonomía del paciente con respecto a otros sistemas de monitorización actuales. Valiéndose de esta tecnología, esta tesis propone el desarrollo de un sistema de monitorización de electrocardiograma (ECG), que no sólo muestre continuamente el ECG del paciente, sino que además lo analice en tiempo real y sea capaz de dar información sobre el estado del corazón a través de un dispositivo móvil. Esta información también puede ser enviada al personal médico en tiempo real. Si ocurre un evento peligroso, el sistema lo detectará automáticamente e informará de inmediato al paciente y al personal médico, posibilitando una rápida reacción en caso de emergencia. Para conseguir la implementación de dicho sistema, se desarrollan y optimizan distintos algoritmos de procesamiento de ECG en tiempo real, que incluyen filtrado, detección de puntos característicos y clasificación de arritmias. Esta tesis también aborda la mejora de la eficiencia energética de la red de sensores, cumpliendo con los requisitos de fidelidad y rendimiento de la aplicación. Para ello se proponen técnicas de diseño para reducir el consumo de energía, que permitan buscar un compromiso óptimo entre el tamaño de la batería y su tiempo de vida. Si el consumo de energía puede reducirse lo suficiente, sería posible desarrollar una red que funcione permanentemente. Por lo tanto, el muestreo, procesamiento, almacenamiento y transmisión inalámbrica tienen que hacerse de manera que se suministren todos los datos relevantes, pero con el menor consumo posible de energía, minimizando así el tamaño de la batería (que condiciona el tamaño total del nodo) y la frecuencia de recarga de la batería (otro factor clave para su usabilidad). Por lo tanto, para lograr una mejora en la eficiencia energética del sistema de monitorización y análisis de ECG propuesto en esta tesis, se estudian varias soluciones a nivel de control de acceso al medio y sistema operativo.Depto. de Arquitectura de Computadores y AutomáticaFac. de InformáticaTRUEunpu

A user-managed access control model and mechanisms for web based social networks: enhancing expressive power, co-ownership management, interoperability and authorized data exposures

Web Based Social Networks (WBSNs) are well-known applications which are used by thousands of people worldwide. However, privacy issues, and access control in particular, cannot be disregarded. WBSNs consist of users who upload data to be shared with other users and the management of who is able to access to the uploaded data is a subject to study. In this respect, this thesis focuses on four aspects. First, WBSN users have to specify their privacy preferences in a fine-grained way. Second, WBSN data is not usually related to a single user, who uploads it and who is considered the owner, but to multiple users who are referred to as co-owners. Then, access control has to be managed preserving the privacy of both, owners and co-owners, such that all their privacy preferences are satisfied without restrictions. Thirdly, the great quantity of WBSNs forces users upon being enrolled in many of them, though being access control management a cumbersome task. Lastly, users upload data to WBSNs and providers store it and may use it for unnoticed or unauthorized purposes. The widespread development of WBSNs has contributed to the enhancement of these applications. The demanding necessity of providing users with tools to control accesses to their data, has boosted the development of proposals in this regard. Nonetheless, a general lack of fine-grained management is detected. The goal of this thesis is to facilitate fine-grained access control management along the whole usage process within and among different WBSNs in a privacy preserving way. Firstly, an expressive usage control model, together with its administrative model, is proposed to achieve the definition of fine-grained access control preferences. Based on previous models, a mechanism to manage co-ownership corresponds to the second contribution of this thesis. Data is decomposed in parts and each of them is assigned to the owner or to a co-owner who establishes access control preferences. Then, these preferences are jointly evaluated and the privacy of all users is completely preserved. Having the right tools to manage access control in a fine-grained way, the third and last contribution of this thesis is a pair of protocols, one being based on an extension of the other, to attain interoperability, reusability and unauthorized data exposures among different WBSNs. Also taking the proposed usage control model as the underlying base to manage access control, these protocols reduce the burden of managing access control in different applications and thus, they help to increase users' control over their data. As a result, this thesis aims to be a challenging step towards the enhancement of access control management procedures in the social networking field.Las Redes Sociales (RSs) son aplicaciones conocidas y utilizadas a lo largo y ancho del mundo. Sin embargo, los problemas de privacidad, y de control de acceso en particular, no pueden menospreciarse. Las RSs se basan en usuarios que comparten datos entre sí, siendo la gestión de quién puede acceder a dichos datos un tema al que hay que prestar especial interés. En base a esto, la presente Tesis estudia cuatro cuestiones. Primero, los usuarios de las RSs tienen que especificar sus preferencias con alta granularidad. Segundo, los datos de las RSs no se asocian a un único usuario, considerado el propietario y quien sube los datos a las RSs, sino que pueden estar asociados a múltiples usuarios, los cuales reciben el nombre de copropietarios. Por ello, el control de acceso tiene que preservar la privacidad de todos los usuarios, tanto de los propietarios como de los copropietarios, consiguiendo satisfacer las preferencias de control de acceso de todos ellos. Tercero, la gran cantidad de RSs existentes obliga a los usuarios a crear cuentas en cada una de ellas en las que quieran participar, siendo la gestión del control de acceso una tarea tediosa. En último lugar, los usuarios suben sus datos a las RSs y los proveedores de servicio los almacenan, pudiéndolos utilizar para su propio beneficio. La necesidad de proporcionar a los usuarios las herramientas adecuadas para que puedan controlar sus datos ha acelerado el desarrollo de propuestas para la mejora de las RSs. Sin embargo, se detecta una falta de granularidad en la gestión del control de acceso. El objetivo de esta Tesis es facilitar la gestión del control de acceso con alta granularidad entre distintas RSs a lo largo de todo el proceso de uso y preservando la privacidad. En primer lugar se propone un modelo de uso expresivo, junto con el modelo administrativo complementario, para conseguir la definición de preferencias de control de acceso con alta granularidad. Basado en los modelos anteriores, la segunda de las contribuciones se corresponde con el desarrollo de un mecanismo para la gestión de la copropiedad. Los datos son descompuestos en partes y cada parte asignada al propietario o a un copropietario para que éste establezca las preferencias de privacidad deseadas. Posteriormente, en cada solicitud de acceso a un dato se evalúan todas las preferencias, preservándose así la privacidad de todos los usuarios. Disponiendo de las herramientas adecuadas para gestionar el control de acceso con alta granularidad, la tercera y última de las contribuciones de esta tesis consiste en el desarrollo de un par de protocolos, uno extendiendo el otro. Estos protocolos facilitan la interoperabilidad, la reusabilidad y la minimización del acceso a los datos de forma no autorizada entre distintas RSs. Igualmente, aplicando el modelo de uso propuesto para la gestión del control de acceso, estos protocolos reducen las tareas a realizar para gestionar el acceso en distintas aplicaciones y por tanto, ayudan a incrementar el control que los usuarios tienen sobre sus datos. En resumen, esta tesis pretende dar un paso en la mejora del control de acceso en las RSs.Programa en Ciencia y Tecnología InformáticaPresidente: Juan Manuel Estévez Tapiador; Vocal: Flavio Lombardi; Secretario: María Isabel González Vasc

A Three-Tiered Architecture for Large-Scale Wireless Hospital Sensor Networks

International audienceThe Utra Wide Band physical layer specified by the IEEE 802.15.4a standard [1] presents numerous advantages comparing with its original IEEE 802.15.4 standard, namely high accuracy positioning ability, high data rate up to 27 mbps, extended communication range, low power consumption and low complexity. Actually, many research and development activities focus on the design of UWB sensor nodes entities. However nodes interactions or network configuration are neglected. For that, we propose in this paper to investigate the use of UWB for large scale Wireless Hospital Sensor Networks (WHSNs) to benefit from the advantages offered by the UWB technology. This evolving networking paradigm promises to revolutionize healthcare by allowing inexpensive, non-invasive, pervasive and ubiquitous, ambulatory health monitoring. We present the design of new system architecture, based on IEEE 802.15.4a compliant sensors, suitable for health monitoring application in high dense hospital environment. The proposed system architecture is intended to support large-scale deployment and to improve the network performance in terms of energy efficiency, real-time guarantees and Quality-of-Service (QoS)

A Smart Bluetooth-based Ad Hoc Management System for Appliances in Home Environments

The number of home devices integrating new technologies is continuously increasing. These advances allow us to improve our daily routines. In addition, the improvement in network infrastructure and the development of smart phones and mobile devices allow us access from any place to any of our systems over the Internet. Bearing in mind this idea, we have developed a low-cost ad hoc protocol based on Bluetooth technology that allows us to control all our home appliances and monitor the power consumption of our homes. Our proposal is based on an Android application installed on a mobile device which acts as server. The application allows users to program the various appliances. It is also able to check the status of the appliance, as well as controlling the power consumption of the house and its cost. The system is equipped with a smart algorithm able to manage all appliances and decide which ones should work as a function of various criteria such as time of day or power consumption. Finally, the system is able to detect faults in water and electricity supply for acting accordingly. All data received and sent by the server are stored in a database which the system can check and compare to make their own decisions.Sendra, S.; Laborda, A.; Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J. (2015). A Smart Bluetooth-based Ad Hoc Management System for Appliances in Home Environments. Springer Verlag (Germany): LNCS. 8487:128-141. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07425-2_10S1281418487Garcia, M., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Canovas, A.: Saving energy and improving communications using cooperative group-based Wireless Sensor Networks. Telecommunication Systems 52(4), 2489–2502 (2013)Liu, Y., Zhou, G.: Technologies and Applications of Internet of Things. In: Proceedings of 2012 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA), Zhangjiajie, China, January 12-14, pp. 197–200 (2012)Aiello, M.: The Role of Web Services at Home. 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Vehicular Networks for Combating a Worldwide Pandemic: Preventing the Spread of COVID-19

As a worldwide pandemic, the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has caused serious restrictions in people's social life, along with the loss of lives, the collapse of economies and the disruption of humanitarian aids. Despite the advance of technological developments, we, as researchers, have witnessed that several issues need further investigation for a better response to a pandemic outbreak. With this motivation, researchers recently started developing ideas to stop or at least reduce the spread of the pandemic. While there have been some prior works on wireless networks for combating a pandemic scenario, vehicular networks and their potential bottlenecks have not yet been fully examined. This article provides an extensive discussion on vehicular networking for combating a pandemic. We provide the major applications of vehicular networking for combating COVID-19 in public transportation, in-vehicle diagnosis, border patrol and social distance monitoring. Next, we identify the unique characteristics of the collected data in terms of privacy, flexibility and coverage, then highlight corresponding future directions in privacy preservation, resource allocation, data caching and data routing. We believe that this work paves the way for the development of new products and algorithms that can facilitate the social life and help controlling the spread of the pandemic.Comment: 8pages5figure

HEAL-WEAR: an Ultra-Low Power Heterogeneous System for Bio-Signal Analysis

Personalized healthcare devices enable low-cost, unobtrusive and long-term acquisition of clinically-relevant biosignals. These appliances, termed Wireless Body Sensor Nodes (WBSNs), are fostering a revolution in health monitoring for patients affected by chronic ailments. Nowadays, WBSNs often embed complex digital processing routines, which must be performed within an extremely tight energy budget. Addressing this challenge, in this paper we introduce a novel computing architecture devoted to the ultra-low power analysis of biosignals. Its heterogeneous structure comprises multiple processors interfaced with a shared acceleration resource, implemented as a Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Array (CGRA). The CGRA mesh effectively supports the execution of the intensive loops that characterize bio-signal analysis applications, while requiring a low reconfiguration overhead. Moreover, both the processors and the reconfigurable fabric feature Single-Instruction / Multiple- Data (SIMD) execution modes, which increase efficiency when multiple data streams are concurrently processed. The run-time behavior on the system is orchestrated by a light-weight hardware mechanism, which concurrently synchronizes processors for SIMD execution and regulates access to the reconfigurable accelerator. By jointly leveraging run-time reconfiguration and SIMD execution, the illustrated heterogeneous system achieves, when executing complex bio-signal analysis applications, speedups of up to 11.3x on the considered kernels and up to 37.2% overall energy savings, with respect to an ultra-low power multicore platform which does not feature CGRA acceleration