The energetics of nestling birds

The nestling energy budget is examined with particular reference to the Dipper. Dippers showed an adaptive strategy of differential growth allowing premature fledging. Sex-specific differences in energetics and growth dynamics were observed which may result in differential mortality between the sexes. Field thermoregulation costs were lower than laboratory estimates, however heat loss did not obey the 0.67 exponent rule in the Dipper. Adults appear to adjust their brooding behaviour in response to nestling body temperature. Activity costs measured directly were only about 10% of previous indirect estimates. Brood activity costs increased exponentially with increasing brood-size thus offsetting any reduction in thermoregulation costs through huddling; implications of these results are discussed. Time-activity-laboratory estimates of daily energy expenditure provided excellent agreement with field measurements using doubly-labelled water on 'mature* Dipper nestlings. TAL estimates, however, progressively over-estimated daily metabolised energy (DME) in younger nestlings. Sources of this error are evaluated, and a predictive equation for nestling DME presented. Influences of brood DME on parental care are discussed. Energetic implications of hatching asynchrony were examined in the House Martin. Four hypotheses are discussed. (1) Nest failure; (2) Brood reduction; (3) Peak load reduction, and (4) Reduced sibling rivalry. The latter two were modelled and tested in the field. Little evidence was found for the hypotheses considered, lending support to the view that hatching asynchrony is an incidental trait, and moreover one in which costs may outweigh benefits

CEEME: compensating events based execution monitoring enforcement for Cyber-Physical Systems

Fundamentally, inherently observable events in Cyber-Physical Systems with tight coupling between cyber and physical components can result in a confidentiality violation. By observing how the physical elements react to cyber commands, adversaries can identify critical links in the system and force the cyber control algorithm to make erroneous decisions. Thus, there is a propensity for a breach in confidentiality leading to further attacks on availability or integrity. Due to the highly integrated nature of Cyber-Physical Systems, it is also extremely difficult to map the system semantics into a security framework under existing security models. The far-reaching objective of this research is to develop a science of selfobfuscating systems based on the composition of simple building blocks. A model of Nondeducibility composes the building blocks under Information Flow Security Properties. To this end, this work presents fundamental theories on external observability for basic regular networks and the novel concept of event compensation that can enforce Information Flow Security Properties at runtime --Abstract, page iii

The Fundamentalist Journal, Volume 5, Number 9

Jim Moon : God called a helper. By: Hunt, Angela Elwell. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 37. Subjects: Moon, Jim Giving the bread of life in spirit and truth. By: Smith, Michael R.. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 40-41. Subjects: Antrim Faith Rescue Mission (Waynesboro, Pa); Church work with the unemployed Robert Dick Wilson : the simplicity of a true scholar. By: DeRemer, Bernard R.. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 43-46. Subjects: Wilson, Robert Dick, 1856-1930; Evangelicalism--Biographies; Biographies Shall we grovel for beetles or pluck violets. By: Wilson, Robert Dick. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 46. Subjects: Bible--Criticism, interpretation The generous Russian peasant. By: Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 53. Subjects: Short stories Four angry prophets. By: Willmington, Harold L.. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 54. Subjects: Prophets in the Old Testament Sanctuary Movement : the hidden agenda in smuggling aliens. By: Mawyer, Martin. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 59-62. Subjects: Politics and Christianity; Refugees, Central American; Sanctuary movement Gallup says nuclear threat prompts search for spiritual meaning. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 63. Subjects: Gallup, George, 1930- A greater goal. By: Dollar, Truman. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 66. Subjects: Church and state--United States The American family today. By: Bustanoby, André. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 16-19. Subjects: Church work with families; Family--United States Facing a family crisis. By: Solomon, Charles R.. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 20-21,29. Subjects: Crisis (Psychology); Family life, Christian Children having children. By: Wharton, Ann. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 22-24. Subjects: Pregnancy, Adolescent; Sexual ethics; Youth--Conduct of life Sad statistics. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 24. Subjects: Youth--Conduct of life Sibling rivalry : breaking family circles from cradle to grave. By: Adams, Jay Edward. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 25-28. Subjects: Brothers and sisters; Competition (Psychology); Family life, Christian Enclosed is a picture of our church By: Allen, William J.. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 30-31. Subjects: Church planning; Clergy--Placement Kendra Cook : she\u27s got the song and sings it sweet and strong. By: Hunt, Angela Elwell. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 32-33. Subjects: Cook, Kendra; Baptists--Biographies; Biographies Churches that ignite revival. By: Towns, Elmer L.. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 34-35. Subjects: Church growth What ever happened to the invitation. By: Walker, Billy. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 34. Subjects: Preaching, Evangelical Herb Rice : pastor of a growing church in a shrinking community. By: Hunt, Angela Elwell. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 35. Subjects: Rice, Herb; Church growth Dealing dependency and death for profit. By: Falwell, Jerry. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 10. Subjects: Drug abuse The ultimate act of patriotism. By: Dobson, Edward. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 12. Subjects: Hymers, Robert L, Jr; Politics and Christianity Jewish fear of fundamentalist activism exaggerated. By: Spero, Aryeh. 5 no 9 O 1986, p 14. Subjects: Fundamentalism; Jews--Relations--Christians; Politics and religio

The Process of Musical Acquisition for Traditional String Musicians in the Homeschool Environment

This qualitative study examined how three accomplished traditional string musicians learned music in their homeschool environments. Data were derived from formal interviews of the three musicians. The research framework for this qualitative study is based upon the socio-educational model of second language learning motivation developed by R. C. Gardner (1959, 1985, 2004, 2010) and applied to the study of instrumental music learning motivation by P. D. MacIntyre (2012). Structured interview questions, triangulated by additional informal dialogues, field observations, externally documented sources, and collaboration with an expert review panel were the data collection activities utilized in the research. Five overarching themes emerged: (1) social and cultural surroundings influence musical achievement, (2) the desire to acquire the attributes and acceptance of other musicians supports musical achievement, (3) motivation impacts musical achievement, (4) learning and performing music causes anxiety, and (5) informal learning environments foster musical attainment. The examination of homeschooled, traditional musicians via the overarching themes, may provide valuable insights for educators in the area of acquisition and development of musical skill in high school students

Yap: Political Leadership and Culture Change in an Island Society

Humanities Open Book Program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon FoundationThe objectives of this book are to describe the traditional socio-political organization of Yap and to examine the dynamic interplay of traditional roles, rules, and values with those introduced in the contemporary situation of American-directed change. The ultimate considerations undertaken here are the political, social, and cultural adaptations and consequences of this directed change. The analytical focus for both traditional and contemporary situations includes the processes of succession and accession to leadership, of selection and rejection of leaders, of initiation, organization and direction of activities; and of decision-making

Sociogenomics of maternal care and parent-offspring coadaptation in the European earwigs (Forficula auricularia)

Conflict and cooperation are ubiquitous in nature and in animal families where parents and offspring reciprocally influence each other's behavior and fitness. Evolutionary models predict selection for parent-offspring coadaptation that strike balance between parents pursuing self-fitness versus offspring demanding parental investment. Ultimately, it facilitates well-coordinated parenting and optimized cooperation with their offspring in the face of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination which cause genetic conflict. However, the genomic basis of parent-offspring coadaptation is poorly understood. My dissertation focused on the sociogenomics of materanl care and parent-offspring coadaptation in the European earwig (Forficula auricularia), a facultative uni-parental female care insect. In the first chapter, we sequenced the transcriptome of the European earwig from various tissues and developmental stages of female and male applying Roche 454 pyrosequencing and Illumina HiSeq. The reads were de novo assembled independently and screened for possible microbial contamination and repeated elements. Hybrid assembly of these data yield comprehensive transcriptome with a low level of fragmentation comparing to the eukaryotic core gene dataset. More than 8,800 contigs of the hybrid assembly show significant similarity to insect-specific proteins and those were assigned for Gene Ontology terms. Finally, I validated the transcriptome and established a quantitative PCR method and applied it to homologs of five known sex-biased genes of the honeybee. The qPCR pilot study confirmed sex specific expression and also revealed significant expression differences between the brain and antenna tissue samples. The transcriptome presented here offers new opportunities to study the molecular bases and evolution of parental care and sociality in arthropods. In the second chapter, I identified two parent-offspring coadapted genes, PebIII and Th, in the European earwig, based on comparative transcriptomics from experimentally manipulated mother-offspring interactions. Functional study applying RNAi revealed that PebIII in offspring enhances survival, in mothers enhances their relative investment in future reproduction and indirectly delayed offspring development; Th in mothers enhanced food provisioning, in offspring indirectly enhanced the likelihood of maternal future reproduction. These results suggested PebIII being reciprocally selfish while Th being reciprocally altruistic in both mothers and offspring. Metabolic pathway analyses further indicated the role of Th-restricted dopaminergic reward, PebIII mediated chemical perception and regulations between insulin signaling, juvenile hormone and vitellogenin in parent-offspring coadaptation and social evolution. In the third chapter, I manipulated the interaction between earwig mothers and offspring over two generation and investigated transgenerational effects of maternal care on the expression of the two parent-offspring coadapted genes found in chapter2 and the fitness consequences in mothers and offspring. Significant transgenerational effects were found for the expression of PebIII and Th in the head of mothers. The expression of PebIII in the whole body of offspring showed significant effects of transgeneration treatment, current generation treatment and current generation by transgeneration treatments interaction. Significant transgenerational effect was found for relative maternal investment in future reproduction and offspring growth rate. Maternal future reproduction and latency for maternal future reproduction showed significant effects of current generation parental care treatment. Our results indicates an epigenetic regulation of gene expressions underlying parent-offspring coadaptation. In the last chapter, the expressions of parent-offspring coadapted genes were validated using Fluidigm gene expression dynamic array. An additional treatment was included to control for time effect. We found the regulation of Th and PebIII were not influenced by the interaction between parent and offpsirng per se, but rather controlled by the reproductive stage of mothers suggesting preprogrammed expression in earwig. Such regulation of parenting genes in the sub-social species might be ancestral to the age-dependent division of labor in eusocial system. These four chapters of my thesis were a series of continuous work and provided significant insights into the genomic basis of parent-offspring coadaptation. I established qPCR method to validate the de novo hybrid assembled transcriptome of the European earwig. I identified candidate parent-offspring coadapted genes using comparative trascriptomics. I established the method of Fluidigm gene expression dynamic array for earwigs to validate the RNA-Seq results. I established the RNAi techonology for earwigs to manipulate gene expressions and to study the social function of candidate genes. I demonstrated that PebIII and Th are two parent-offspring coadapted genes, which are co-regulated in mothers and offspring during active post-hatching parental care. Their expression were preprogrammed in mothers, reflecting the reproductive stage of females. Both genes showed causal effects on the behavior and fitness of earwig mothers and nymphs, coordinating the selfishness and altruism in family life. I showed transgenerational effects of maternal care on the expression of PebIII and Th, and opened the door for future studies of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression over generations and maintaining parent-offspring coadaptation in earwigs

The descent of Darwinism ( a philosophical critique of sociobiology)

The following thesis offers a philosophical critique of sociobiology, which is identified as a recent attempt to produce a general theory of animal behaviour, encompassing an account of human nature. The first chapter examines the empirical and theoretical foundations of sociobiology, highlighting some of the philosophical topics regarding the relation of the natural and social sciences, and the attempt to offer an account of human nature within a largely mathematical and mechanistic theoretical framework. Chapter two looks at the major specific areas of human behaviour featured in sociobiological accounts. A close examination of empirical evidence, underlying theoretical assumptions, behavioural categories and definitions, and finally deduced conclusions reveals several weaknesses and examples of fallacious reasoning. The third chapter continues to examine the account of human nature in relation to the broadest and most abstract features of social structures and interactions. The political dimension of sociobiology is examined - both in terms of its account of political behaviour, and in the theoretical opposition between sociobiology and left wing ideologies. The sociobiological account of religious behaviour is rejected in favour of one couched in terms of social rather than genetically heritable dispositions. Chapter four evaluates the attempt to respond to early criticisms of sociobiology. It is argued that the main theoretical stance regarding human behaviour remains little changed, and that the new theoretical models create even more conceptual problems, thus failing to provide a framework for an account of human nature. The final chapter applies some ideas from evolutionary theory to specific areas of philosophical controversy: the relation of mind to language; the ascription of mental life to other species; functionalist and epiphenomenaiist accounts of consciousness. It is argued that empirical and theoretical considerations from the natural sciences may thus inform traditional areas of philosophical debate, creating useful interdisciplinary dialogues