El derecho a la resistencia de los dominados : un ejemplo de caso: la Galicia bajomedieval

La propuesta de este artículo es presentar algunos resultados de una investigación en curso cuyo objetivo principal es examinar el derecho de resistencia ejercido por los dominados, por medio de un acercamiento teórico-documental que tendrá como ejemplo de caso la Galicia bajomedieval. Se lo abordará dentro de un amplio rango que se extiende desde las prácticas cotidianas emprendidas para preservar sus propios intereses hasta el estudio de rebeliones abiertas y declaradas, como la rebelión irmandiña de 1467-1469. Se expondrá brevemente la teoría de los tres órdenes, considerada la cosmovisión imperante en las coordenadas espacio-temporalesabordadas. Posteriormente se estudiarán los problemas enunciados por medio del análisis e interpretación de diversas fuentes.The purpose of this article is to show some of the results of an investigation in progress that pretends to examine the right of resistance exercised by the subjugated people, through a theoretical-documentary approach that uses as example of case the late medieval Galicia. It will be approached within a wide range that extends from the daily practices taken to preserve their own interests, to the study of open and declared revolts, such as the Irmandiño Revolt in 1467-1469. The theory of the three orders, considered as the prevailing worldview at the time, will be briefly discussed. Subsequently this problems will be studied through the analysis and interpretation ofvarious sources

Paraíso versus Inferno : a Visão de Túndalo e a Viagem Medieval em Busca da Salvação da Alma (séc. XII)

A salvação na Idade Média estava ligada à idéia de viagem. O homem medieval se via como um viajante (homo viator), um caminhante entre dois mundos: a terra efêmera, lugar das tentações e o Paraíso, Reino de Deus e dos seres celestiais. Se o homem conseguisse manter o corpo puro conseguiria a salvação. Se falhasse, sua alma seria condenada, com castigos eternos no Inferno ou provisórios no Purgatório. Era um paradoxo da Idade Média que a alma pudesse ser salva somente pelo corpo, devido à esse sentimento de culpa, proveniente do Pecado Original. Caso o maculasse, sua alma sofreria a danação com castigos eternos no Inferno ou provisórios no Purgatório. Devido a este sentimento de culpa a população buscava a salvação através de uma viagem, como, por exemplo, as peregrinações para atingir a Terra Santa (Jerusalém). Estes deslocamentos eram inseguros (estradas ruins, ameaças de assalto e de doenças) e vistos como uma forma de salvação, na medida em que o peregrino nunca sabia com certeza se iria voltar ou não. Ele desejava sentir em seu corpo o que Cristo e os outros mártires haviam sofrido. Outro meio de salvação era o isolamento do resto da sociedade em busca de uma vida dedicada a Deus, como é o caso de eremitas e monges. Devido ao seu desprezo pelos prazeres terrenos e suas vidas consagradas às orações e jejuns a Deus, eram considerados os mais puros da sociedade terrestre. Os monges beneditinos escreveram Visões com o objetivo de apresentar os castigos e os deleites das almas no Além. Sua intenção era mostrar aos fiéis as normas de comportamento adequado para se atingir a Salvação. Os exempla, como a Visão de Túndalo, mostram os tipos de castigo com base nos sete pecados capitais e as ações para se atingir o Paraíso: dar esmolas, freqüentar missas, dar bens à Igreja e evitar a luxúria. Um elemento comum das visões é a ênfase nas sensações dos órgãos dos sentidos. Por exemplo, fedor no Inferno e perfume no Paraíso. Torturas são explicitadas através de escuridão, gritos e dores, em oposição à claridade, cantos e alegria. Na iconografia, com Os Sete Pecados Capitais, de Bosch e O Juízo Final, de Fra Angelico, a estrutura das visões se confirma. Os topos do Além, no caso do Paraíso, se caracterizam por uma paisagem edênica representada por jardins, cânticos, fontes, anjos e árvores frondosas. Já no Inferno, a geografia pressupõe alguns obstáculos, como caminhos com pontes estreitas, rios ferventes, montanhas, lagos de gelo e monstros. Assim, o indivíduo na Idade Média queria a salvação mais pelo medo do Inferno que pelas glórias do Paraíso, e a alma humana se debatia entre o desejo pelos prazeres e o pavor do abismo infernal.The Salvation in Middle Ages was connected to the idea of voyage. The medieval man saw himself as a voyager (homo viator), a walker between two worlds: the ephemerous earth, place of tentations and the Heaven, the kingdom of God and of celestials beings. If the individual suceeded in maintain his body pure, he would obtain the salvation, but if he failed his soul would be condemned with eternal chastiments in Hell or provisorial in the Purgatory. It was a medieval paradox the fact that the soul could only be saved by the body. Because this sentiment of guilt, broght by the Original Sin, the population usually searched for salvation by means of a voyage, for example the peregrinations to achieve the Saint Earth (Jerusalem). These displacements were insecures (bad trails, menace of robbery and of diseases) and seen as a form of salvation since the pilgrim never knew for sure if he would come back or not. He wanted to experience in his flesh what Christ and other martyrs had suffered. Another means of salvation was the isolation from the rest of society in search of a life connected to God, such as the hermits and monks did. Because of their despite for terrestrial pleasures and their lives consacrated in prayers and fastings to God, they were considered the purest in terrestrial society. The benedictine monks dedicated themselves to write Visions with the purpose of presenting the chastiments and pleasures of the souls in beyond. Their intention was to show to the people the correct rules of behavior to obtain the salvation. The exempla, such as the Vision of Tundalo, present the types of chastiments based on the seven capital sins, and the actions that should be performed to reach the Paradise: to give alms, to go to mass, to give riches to the Church and to avoid lust. Un common element from the Visions is the emphasis in the sensations of the five senses. For example, stink in Hell and perfume in Heaven. Tortures are explained by the use of darkness, screams and sorrows, in opposition to clarity, singing and happiness. In Iconography, with the Seven Deadly Sins, by Bosch, and The Final Jugdement, by Fra Angelico, the structure of the Visions is confirmed. The topos of the beyond, in the case of the Heaven, are characterized by an edenic landscape represented by gardens, chants, fountains, angels and leafy trees. Once in Hell, the geography presuppose some obstacles such as ways with narrow brigdes, boiling rivers, mountains, lakes of ice and monsters. Thus, the individual in Middle Ages wanted the salvation more for the fear of Hell than from the glories of the Heaven, and the human soul debated herself between the desire for the pleasures and the dread of the infernal abyss

Heaven versus Hell : The vision Tnugdal and the voyage of the soul in search of salvation (12th century)

The Salvation in Middle Ages was connected to the idea of voyage. The medieval man saw himself as a voyager (homo viator), a walker between two worlds: the ephemerous earth, place of tentations and the Heaven, the kingdom of God and of celestials beings. If the individual suceeded in maintain his body pure, he would obtain the salvation, but if he failed his soul would be condemned with eternal chastiments in Hell or provisorial in the Purgatory. It was a medieval paradox the fact that the soul could only be saved by the body. Because this sentiment of guilt, broght by the Original Sin, the population usually searched for salvation by means of a voyage, for example the peregrinations to achieve the Saint Earth (Jerusalem). These displacements were insecures (bad trails, menace of robbery and of diseases) and seen as a form of salvation since the pilgrim never knew for sure if he would come back or not. He wanted to experience in his flesh what Christ and other martyrs had suffered. Another means of salvation was the isolation from the rest of society in search of a life connected to God, such as the hermits and monks did. Because of their despite for terrestrial pleasures and their lives consacrated in prayers and fastings to God, they were considered the purest in terrestrial society. The benedictine monks dedicated themselves to write Visions with the purpose of presenting the chastiments and pleasures of the souls in beyond. Their intention was to show to the people the correct rules of behavior to obtain the salvation. The exempla, such as the Vision of Tundalo, present the types of chastiments based on the seven capital sins, and the actions that should be performed to reach the Paradise: to give alms, to go to mass, to give riches to the Church and to avoid lust. Un common element from the Visions is the emphasis in the sensations of the five senses. For example, stink in Hell and perfume in Heaven. Tortures are explained by the use of darkness, screams and sorrows, in opposition to clarity, singing and happiness. In Iconography, with the Seven Deadly Sins, by Bosch, and The Final Jugdement, by Fra Angelico, the structure of the Visions is confirmed. The topos of the beyond, in the case of the Heaven, are characterized by an edenic landscape represented by gardens, chants, fountains, angels and leafy trees. Once in Hell, the geography presuppose some obstacles such as ways with narrow brigdes, boiling rivers, mountains, lakes of ice and monsters. Thus, the individual in Middle Ages wanted the salvation more for the fear of Hell than from the glories of the Heaven, and the human soul debated herself between the desire for the pleasures and the dread of the infernal abys

Edición y traducción del discurso Oratores ante poetas esse a pueris cognoscendos (1552) de Juan Sambuco

Edition and translation of the speech Oratores ante poetas esse a pueris cognoscendos, pronounced by the Hungarian humanist Johannes Sambucus (János Zsámboky, 1531-1584) at Sorbonne University in Paris (September 1551) and published one year later in Basel, as appendix to his Δημηγορίαι, hoc est, conciones aliquot ex libris Xenophontis of Paedia Cyri, an anthology of speeches drawn from the Cyropedia that was aimed at students of Greek language in general and Oratory in particular. The edition and translation of the Latin text is preceded by a small introduction in which a brief sketch of the author and his work is specified, as well as the fundamental features of the speech under analysis

Trabajo y orden social: de la nada a la sociedad de empleo (y su crisis)

Sin resume