IPv4 address sharing mechanism classification and tradeoff analysis

The growth of the Internet has made IPv4 addresses a scarce resource. Due to slow IPv6 deployment, IANA-level IPv4 address exhaustion was reached before the world could transition to an IPv6-only Internet. The continuing need for IPv4 reachability will only be supported by IPv4 address sharing. This paper reviews ISP-level address sharing mechanisms, which allow Internet service providers to connect multiple customers who share a single IPv4 address. Some mechanisms come with severe and unpredicted consequences, and all of them come with tradeoffs. We propose a novel classification, which we apply to existing mechanisms such as NAT444 and DS-Lite and proposals such as 4rd, MAP, etc. Our tradeoff analysis reveals insights into many problems including: abuse attribution, performance degradation, address and port usage efficiency, direct intercustomer communication, and availability

Extended UDP Multiple Hole Punching Method to Traverse Large Scale NATs

A Network Address Translator (NAT) is a popular technological tool used in networks, especially in small-sized networks. Recently, network operators have been considering deploying Large Scale NATs (LSNs) to cope with IPv4 address pool exhaustion. This will make it necessary to deal with several problems related to LSNs, such as multiple levels of NATs (cascaded NATs) and the shortage of port numbers used by NATs. To address these issues, this paper extends the concept of UDP Multiple Hole Punching previously proposed by us. The use of our proposed method enables an accurate Port Prediction and reduces the number of open ports. The new method can determine the low TTL values for IP packets. We also discuss the application of i-Path routers, which provide status information about NATs along a network path for end hosts. The use of these routers makes it easier to perform NAT traversal

Erlang-based dimensioning for IPv4 Address+Port translation

International audienceAs the IPv4 address pool is being exhausted, it becomes urgent to find a way to migrate IPv4 network architectures to IPv6, or to reduce the use of IPv4 addresses. In this paper, we discuss a strategy known as ''Address + Port'' translation, which consists in several users sharing the same IPv4 address and being distinguished by a range of port numbers. Of critical importance for the feasibility of such a mechanism is the knowledge of the minimum number of ports to allocate to users so that no service degradation is perceived. To that extent, we analyse the port consumption of the most port-consuming Internet applications, web browsing, and present some aggregate port consumption curves for the student population of our campus. Our results suggest that a port range of 1000 ports is totally transparent to users (which would allow to share a single IPv4 address among 64 users),while 400 ports (i.e., 150 users per address) is sufficient for most of users. Finally, the number of users per address could be further improved by benefiting from statistical multiplexing, i.e., using dynamical instead of fixed port range allocation

A Comprehensive Survey on the Most Important IPv4aaS IPv6 Transition Technologies, their Implementations and Performance Analysis

As the central public IPv4 address pool has already been exhausted, the deployment of IPv6 has become inevitable. However, the users still require IPv4 Internet access due to some IPv4-only applications. The IPv4aaS (IPv4-as-a-Service) IPv6 transition technologies facilitate that ISPs provide IPv4 service to their customers while using only IPv6 in their access and core networks. This paper discusses the widely used IPv4aaS IPv6 transition technologies in ISP/enterprise networks; we explain their operations, advantages, properties and consider their performances. There are currently many IPv6 transition technologies, nevertheless, in this paper, the five most prominent IPv4aaS IPv6 transition technologies are discussed, namely 464XLAT, Dual-Stack Lite, Lightweight 4over6, MAP-E, and MAP-T. Moreover, the deployment and implementations of these technologies are being analysed and inspected. This paper also overviews the benchmarking methodology for IPv6 transition technologies and surveys several papers that investigated metrics and tools utilized in analysing the performance of different IPv6 transition technologies

Migration cost optimization for service provider legacy network migration to software-defined IPv6 network

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Dawadi, BR, Rawat, DB, Joshi, SR, Manzoni, P, Keitsch, MM. Migration cost optimization for service provider legacy network migration to software-defined IPv6 network. Int J Network Mgmt. 2021; 31:e2145, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.2145. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] This paper studies a problem for seamless migration of legacy networks of Internet service providers to a software-defined networking (SDN)-based architecture along with the transition to the full adoption of the Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) connectivity. Migration of currently running legacy IPv4 networks into such new approaches requires either upgrades or replacement of existing networking devices and technologies that are actively operating. The joint migration to SDN and IPv6 network is considered to be vital in terms of migration cost optimization, skilled human resource management, and other critical factors. In this work, we first present the approaches of SDN and IPv6 migration in service providers' networks. Then, we present the common concerns of IPv6 and SDN migration with joint transition strategies so that the cost associated with joint migration is minimized to lower than that of the individual migration. For the incremental adoption of software-defined IPv6 (SoDIP6) network with optimum migration cost, a greedy algorithm is proposed based on optimal path and the customer priority. 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Técnicas para el despliegue de IPv6 en redes LAN

El crecimiento de Internet registrado a lo largo de los, aproximadamente, últimos 20 años trajo consigo el problema del agotamiento de las direcciones IPv4 (Internet Protocol versión 4). Como solución a este problema, el IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) propuso la adopción de un nuevo protocolo al que se denominó IPv6 (Internet Protocolo versión 6). Lentamente, desde hace varios años, IPv6 está reemplazando a IPv4 en Internet mediante la aplicación de variadas técnicas de transición. Hoy coexisten en Internet ambos protocolos. El avance del despliegue de IPv6 en Internet no es uniforme a nivel mundial y existen regiones en las cuales todavía este no es importante. Este es el caso de la Argentina. Este trabajo tiene como propósito principal aportar información que facilite e incentive el despliegue de IPv6 en redes de área local (LAN – Local Area Network) como forma de mejorar la penetración del nuevo protocolo tanto en ámbitos académicos, pequeñas organizaciones en general y en el hogar. La poca comprensión del nuevo protocolo y su tardía adopción en nuestras redes podría traer como consecuencia elevados costos derivados de apresurados despliegues y, en el peor de los casos, pérdidas de conectividad a sitios de Internet que solo operen con IPv6.Eje: Arquitecturas, Redes y Sistemas Operativos.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informátic

Técnicas para el despliegue de IPv6 en redes LAN

El crecimiento de Internet registrado a lo largo de los, aproximadamente, últimos 20 años trajo consigo el problema del agotamiento de las direcciones IPv4 (Internet Protocol versión 4). Como solución a este problema, el IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) propuso la adopción de un nuevo protocolo al que se denominó IPv6 (Internet Protocolo versión 6). Lentamente, desde hace varios años, IPv6 está reemplazando a IPv4 en Internet mediante la aplicación de variadas técnicas de transición. Hoy coexisten en Internet ambos protocolos. El avance del despliegue de IPv6 en Internet no es uniforme a nivel mundial y existen regiones en las cuales todavía este no es importante. Este es el caso de la Argentina. Este trabajo tiene como propósito principal aportar información que facilite e incentive el despliegue de IPv6 en redes de área local (LAN – Local Area Network) como forma de mejorar la penetración del nuevo protocolo tanto en ámbitos académicos, pequeñas organizaciones en general y en el hogar. La poca comprensión del nuevo protocolo y su tardía adopción en nuestras redes podría traer como consecuencia elevados costos derivados de apresurados despliegues y, en el peor de los casos, pérdidas de conectividad a sitios de Internet que solo operen con IPv6.Eje: Arquitecturas, Redes y Sistemas Operativos.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informátic

Técnicas para el despliegue de IPv6 en redes LAN

El crecimiento de Internet registrado a lo largo de los, aproximadamente, últimos 20 años trajo consigo el problema del agotamiento de las direcciones IPv4 (Internet Protocol versión 4). Como solución a este problema, el IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) propuso la adopción de un nuevo protocolo al que se denominó IPv6 (Internet Protocolo versión 6). Lentamente, desde hace varios años, IPv6 está reemplazando a IPv4 en Internet mediante la aplicación de variadas técnicas de transición. Hoy coexisten en Internet ambos protocolos. El avance del despliegue de IPv6 en Internet no es uniforme a nivel mundial y existen regiones en las cuales todavía este no es importante. Este es el caso de la Argentina. Este trabajo tiene como propósito principal aportar información que facilite e incentive el despliegue de IPv6 en redes de área local (LAN – Local Area Network) como forma de mejorar la penetración del nuevo protocolo tanto en ámbitos académicos, pequeñas organizaciones en general y en el hogar. La poca comprensión del nuevo protocolo y su tardía adopción en nuestras redes podría traer como consecuencia elevados costos derivados de apresurados despliegues y, en el peor de los casos, pérdidas de conectividad a sitios de Internet que solo operen con IPv6.Eje: Arquitecturas, Redes y Sistemas Operativos.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informátic

Mass Adoption of NATs: Survey and experiments on carrier-grade NATs

In recent times, the prevalence of home NATs and the widespread implementation of Carrier-Grade NATs have posed significant challenges to various applications, particularly those relying on Peer-to-Peer communication. This paper addresses these issues by conducting a thorough review of related literature and exploring potential techniques to mitigate the problems. The literature review focuses on the disruptive effects of home NATs and CGNATs on application performance. Additionally, the study examines existing approaches used to alleviate these disruptions. Furthermore, this paper presents a comprehensive guide on how to puncture a NAT and facilitate direct communication between two peers behind any type of NAT. The techniques outlined in the guide are rigorously tested using a simple application running the IPv8 network overlay, along with their built-in NAT penetration procedures. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, 5G communication is established between two phones using four different Dutch telephone carriers. The results indicate successful cross-connectivity with three out of the four carriers tested, showcasing the practical applicability of the suggested methods.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure