The support of multipath routing in IPv6-based internet of things

The development of IPv6-based network architectures for Internet of Things (IoT) systems is a feasible approach to widen the horizon for more effective applications, but remains a challenge. Network routing needs to be effectively addressed in such environments of scarce computational and energy resources. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) specified the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) to provide a basic IPv6-based routing framework for IoT networks. However, the RPL design has the potential of extending its functionality to a further limit and incorporating the support of advanced routing mechanisms. These include multipath routing which has opened the doors for great improvements towards efficient energy balancing, load distribution, and even more. This paper fulfilled a need for an effective review of recent advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) networking. In particular, it presented an effective review and provided a taxonomy of the different multipath routing solutions enhancing the RPL protocol. The aim was to discover its current state and outline the importance of integrating such a mechanism into RPL to revive its potentiality to a wider range of IoT applications. This paper also discussed the latest research findings and provided some insights into plausible follow-up researches

비대칭 전송전력 기반 무선 센서 시스템 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2016. 2. 박세웅.대규모 마켓의 가격표 업데이트는 단순하고 반복적인 작업이지만, 여전히 대부분의 마켓에서 수동으로 이루어지고 있다. 수동 가격표 업데이트는 잦은 직원들의 실수로 인한 소비자들의 불만과 카운터의 계산 오류를 야기하므로, 상기 업데이트 과정을 자동화하면 많은 이익을 창출할 수 있다. 한편, 최근 전자 잉크와 같은 저전력 디스플레이 기술이 발전하면서 전자 무선 가격표 업데이트 서비스의 실현 가능성이 높아졌다. 본 논문에서 우리는 상기 전자 무선 가격표 업데이트 서비스를 위한 네트워크 아키텍쳐를 제안하고 테스트한다. 우리는 먼저 실제 마켓에서의 예비 실험들을 통해, 현존하는 네트워크 프로토콜들이 바쁜 마켓 환경에서 발생하는 독특한 문제들을 극복하지 못하고, 낮은 성능을 보인다는 것을 밝힌다. 우리는 상기 실험들을 통해 기술적인 도전과제들을 확인하고, 장애물과 인구가 많은 환경에서 하향링크 위주의 트래픽을 전송하기에 적합한 비대칭 전송 전력 기반 시스템인 MarketNet을 제안하여 상기 도전과제들을 해결한다. 우리는 하루에 5000명 이상의 손님이 방문하는 실내 마켓 환경에서 MarketNet의 성능을 평가한다. 상기 성능 평가의 결과들은 MarketNet이 타깃 환경(장애물이 많고 붐비는 마켓)에서 타깃 응용 분야(전자 무선 가격표 업데이트)를 적절히 지원할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, RPL과 LPL과 같은 기존 프로토콜들보다 현저히 높은 패킷 전송률과 낮은 듀티사이클을 제공한다는 것을 보여준다.Updating price tags in a large-scale market is a recurrent task, still performed manually in most markets. Given that human-errors can easily lead to customer complaints and accounting inaccuracies, the ability to autonomously reconfigure price tags can be of significant benefit. With the introduction of low-power display techniques such as electronic-ink, applications of enabling electronic, wirelessly reconfigurable price tags show potential for future deployment. In this dissertation, we examine networking architectures that can be applied in such scenarios. Through a series of preliminary pilot studies in an actual supermarket, we show that the performance of existing protocols are not ready to overcome the unique challenges of busy market environments. We identify underlying technical challenges and propose MarketNet, an asymmetric transmission power-based system designed for densely populated, obstacle-rich, downwards traffic-oriented environments. We evaluate MarketNet in a large indoor market visited by 5000+ customers per day. Our results show that MarketNet addresses the challenges of the target application and environment, while achieving higher packet delivery performance with noticeably lower radio duty-cycles than existing protocols such as RPL and LPL.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Related Work 4 1.2.1 Wireless Price Tag Update System 4 1.2.2 Wireless Systems Community 5 1.2.3 Wireless Network Community 10 1.3 Contributions and Outline 12 2 Target Application: Wireless and Remote Update of e-Price Tags 17 2.1 Price Representation 17 2.2 Application Scenario 19 2.3 System Requirements 22 3 Preliminary Study in Urban Crowded Markets 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Wireless Channel Characteristics 27 3.3 Performance of Pre-existing Protocols 38 3.3.1 RPL Operation 38 3.3.2 LPL Operation 42 3.3.3 Performance of RPL over LPL 44 3.4 Summary 48 4 MarketNet 1.0: Asymmetric Transmission Power-based Network 50 4.1 Introduction 50 4.2 Applicability of Asymmetric Transmission Power Networks 54 4.3 MarketNet1.0 System Design 58 4.3.1 Design Overview 58 4.3.2 Neighbor Forwarding over LPL 61 4.4 Mathematical Performance Analysis 66 4.4.1 Packet Reception Ratio 67 4.4.2 Latency 69 4.4.3 Power Consumption 70 4.5 Simulation Results 78 4.5.1 Latency 80 4.5.2 Packet Delivery Ratio 81 4.5.3 Power Consumption 82 4.6 Testbed Experiments 84 4.6.1 Implementation and Environment Setting 84 4.6.2 Downward Traffic Scenario 88 4.6.3 Mixed Traffic Scenario 93 4.7 Market Deployment 98 4.8 Summary 102 5 MarketNet 2.0: Network-wide Superframe Architecture 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 MarketNet2.0 System Design 105 5.2.1 Network-wide Superframe Architecture 107 5.2.2 IPv6 and Routing Layers in MarketNet2.0 112 5.3 System Evaluation 115 5.3.1 Testbed Evaluations 115 5.3.2 Market Deployments 120 5.4 Non-technical but Practical Lessons 126 5.5 Summary 127 6 Conclusion 129 6.1 Research Contributions 129 6.2 Further Research Direction 131 Bibliography 135 초 록 150Docto

IETF standardization in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT): a survey

Smart embedded objects will become an important part of what is called the Internet of Things. However, the integration of embedded devices into the Internet introduces several challenges, since many of the existing Internet technologies and protocols were not designed for this class of devices. In the past few years, there have been many efforts to enable the extension of Internet technologies to constrained devices. Initially, this resulted in proprietary protocols and architectures. Later, the integration of constrained devices into the Internet was embraced by IETF, moving towards standardized IP-based protocols. In this paper, we will briefly review the history of integrating constrained devices into the Internet, followed by an extensive overview of IETF standardization work in the 6LoWPAN, ROLL and CoRE working groups. This is complemented with a broad overview of related research results that illustrate how this work can be extended or used to tackle other problems and with a discussion on open issues and challenges. As such the aim of this paper is twofold: apart from giving readers solid insights in IETF standardization work on the Internet of Things, it also aims to encourage readers to further explore the world of Internet-connected objects, pointing to future research opportunities

A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

Driven by the special requirements of the Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), the IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL) was standardized by the IETF some six years ago to tackle the routing issue in such networks. Since its introduction, however, numerous studies have pointed out that, in its current form, RPL suffers from issues that limit its efficiency and domain of applicability. Thus, several solutions have been proposed in the literature in an attempt to overcome these identified limitations. In this survey, we aim mainly to provide a comprehensive review of these research proposals assessing whether such proposals have succeeded in overcoming the standard reported limitations related to its core operations. Although some of RPL’s weaknesses have been addressed successfully, the study found that the proposed solutions remain deficient in overcoming several others. Hence, the study investigates where such proposals still fall short, the challenges and pitfalls to avoid, thus would help researchers formulate a clear foundation for the development of further successful extensions in future allowing the protocol to be applied more widely

Energy Efficient Downstream Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

This dissertation studies the problem of energy efficient downstream communication in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). First, we present the Opportunistic Source Routing (OSR), a scalable, reliable, and energy-efficient downward routing protocol for individual node actuation in data collection WSNs. OSR introduces opportunistic routing into traditional source routing based on the parent set of a node’s upward routing in data collection, significantly addressing the drastic link dynamics in low-power and lossy WSNs. We devise a novel adaptive Bloom filter mechanism to effectively and efficiently encode a downward source-route in OSR, which enables a significant reduction of the length of source-route field in the packet header. OSR is scalable to very large-size WSN deployments, since each resource-constrained node in the network stores only the set of its direct children. The probabilistic nature of the Bloom filter passively explores opportunistic routing. Upon a delivery failure at any hop along the downward path, OSR actively performs opportunistic routing to bypass the obsolete/bad link. The evaluations in both simulations and real-world testbed experiments demonstrate that OSR significantly outperforms the existing approaches in scalability, reliability, and energy efficiency. Secondly, we propose a mobile code dissemination tool for heterogeneous WSN deployments operating on low power links. The evaluation in lab experiment and a real world WSN testbed shows how our tool reduces the laborious work to reprogram nodes for updating the application. Finally, we present an empirical study of the network dynamics of an out-door heterogeneous WSN deployment and devise a benchmark data suite. The network dynamics analysis includes link level characteristics, topological characteristics, and temporal characteristics. The unique features of the benchmark data suite include the full path information and our approach to fill the missing paths based on the principle of the routing protocol

Load balancing and context aware enhancements for RPL routed Internet of Things.

Internet of Things (IoT) has been paving the way for a plethora of potential applications, which becomes more spatial and demanding. The goal of this work is to optimise the performance within the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in the network layer.RPL still suffers from unbalanced load traffic among the candidate parents. Consequently, the overloaded parent node drains its energy much faster than other candidate parent nodes. This may lead to an early disconnection of a part of the network topology and affect the overall network reliability. To solve this problem, a new objective function (OF) has been proposed to usher better load balancing among the bottleneck candidate parents, and keep the overloaded nodes lifetime thriving to longer survival.Moreover, several IoT applications have antagonistic requirements but pertinent, which results in a greater risk of affecting the network reliability, especially within the emergency scenarios. With the presence of this challenging issue, the current standardised RPL OFs cannot sufficiently fulfil the antagonistic needs of Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) applications. In response to the above issues, a context adaptive OF has been proposed to facilitate exchanging the synergy information between the application and network layers. Thus, the impact of the antagonistic requirements based on context parameters will be mitigated via rationalizing the selection decision of the routing path towards the root node.We implemented the proposed protocol and verified all our findings through excessive measurements via simulations and a realistic deployment using a real testbed of a multi-hop LLNs motes. The results proved the superiority of our solution over the existing ones with respect to end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and network lifetime. Our contribution has been accepted initially to be adopted within the standard body Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

IETF standardization in the field of the internet of things (IoT): a survey

Smart embedded objects will become an important part of what is called the Internet of Things. However, the integration of embedded devices into the Internet introduces several challenges, since many of the existing Internet technologies and protocols were not designed for this class of devices. In the past few years, there have been many efforts to enable the extension of Internet technologies to constrained devices. Initially, this resulted in proprietary protocols and architectures. Later, the integration of constrained devices into the Internet was embraced by IETF, moving towards standardized IP-based protocols. In this paper, we will briefly review the history of integrating constrained devices into the Internet, followed by an extensive overview of IETF standardization work in the 6LoWPAN, ROLL and CoRE working groups. This is complemented with a broad overview of related research results that illustrate how this work can be extended or used to tackle other problems and with a discussion on open issues and challenges. As such the aim of this paper is twofold: apart from giving readers solid insights in IETF standardization work on the Internet of Things, it also aims to encourage readers to further explore the world of Internet-connected objects, pointing to future research opportunities.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 258885 (SPITFIRE project), from the iMinds ICON projects GreenWeCan and O’CareCloudS, a FWO postdoc grant for Eli De Poorter and a VLIR PhD scholarship to Isam Ishaq