A review on deep-learning-based cyberbullying detection

Bullying is described as an undesirable behavior by others that harms an individual physically, mentally, or socially. Cyberbullying is a virtual form (e.g., textual or image) of bullying or harassment, also known as online bullying. Cyberbullying detection is a pressing need in today’s world, as the prevalence of cyberbullying is continually growing, resulting in mental health issues. Conventional machine learning models were previously used to identify cyberbullying. However, current research demonstrates that deep learning surpasses traditional machine learning algorithms in identifying cyberbullying for several reasons, including handling extensive data, efficiently classifying text and images, extracting features automatically through hidden layers, and many others. This paper reviews the existing surveys and identifies the gaps in those studies. We also present a deep-learning-based defense ecosystem for cyberbullying detection, including data representation techniques and different deep-learning-based models and frameworks. We have critically analyzed the existing DL-based cyberbullying detection techniques and identified their significant contributions and the future research directions they have presented. We have also summarized the datasets being used, including the DL architecture being used and the tasks that are accomplished for each dataset. Finally, several challenges faced by the existing researchers and the open issues to be addressed in the future have been presented

An Analytic Training Approach for Recognition in Still Images and Videos

This dissertation proposes a general framework to efficiently identify the objects of interest (OI) in still images and its application can be further extended to human action recognition in videos. The frameworks utilized in this research to process still images and videos are similar in architecture except they have different content representations. Initially, global level analysis is employed to extract distinctive feature sets from an input data. For the global analysis of data the bidirectional two dimensional principal component analysis (2D-PCA) is employed to preserve correlation amongst neighborhood pixels. Furthermore, to cope with the inherent limitations within the holistic approach local information is introduced into the framework. The local information of OI is identified utilizing FERNS and affine SIFT (ASIFT) approaches for spatial and temporal datasets, respectively. For supportive local information, the feature detection is followed by an effective pruning strategy to divide these features into inliers and outliers. A cluster of inliers represents local features which exhibit stable behavior and geometric consistency. Incremental learning is a significant but often overlooked problem in action recognition. The final part of this dissertation proposes a new action recognition algorithm based on sequential learning and adaptive representation of the human body using Pyramid of Histogram of Oriented Gradients (PHOG) features. The changing shape and appearance of human body parts is tracked based on the weak appearance constancy assumption. The constantly changing shape of an OI is maximally covered by the small blocks to approximate the body contour of a segmented foreground object. In addition, the analytically determined learning phase guarantees lower computational burden for classification. The utilization of a minimum number of video frames in a causal way to recognize an action is also explored in this dissertation. The use of PHOG features adaptively extracted from individual frames allows the recognition of an incoming action video using a small group of frames which eliminates the need of large look-ahead

AUTOMATED FEATURE EXTRACTION AND CONTENT-BASED RETRIEVAL OFPATHOLOGY MICROSCOPIC IMAGES USING K-MEANS CLUSTERING AND CODE RUN-LENGTH PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

The dissertation starts with an extensive literature survey on the current issues in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) research, the state-of-the-art theories, methodologies, and implementations, covering topics such as general information retrieval theories, imaging, image feature identification and extraction, feature indexing and multimedia database search, user-system interaction, relevance feedback, and performance evaluation. A general CBIR framework has been proposed with three layers: image document space, feature space, and concept space. The framework emphasizes that while the projection from the image document space to the feature space is algorithmic and unrestricted, the connection between the feature space and the concept space is based on statistics instead of semantics. The scheme favors image features that do not rely on excessive assumptions about image contentAs an attempt to design a new CBIR methodology following the above framework, k-means clustering color quantization is applied to pathology microscopic images, followed by code run-length probability distribution feature extraction. Kulback-Liebler divergence is used as distance measure for feature comparison. For content-based retrieval, the distance between two images is defined as a function of all individual features. The process is highly automated and the system is capable of working effectively across different tissues without human interference. Possible improvements and future directions have been discussed

Restauration adaptative des contours par une approche inspirée de la prédiction des performances

En télédétection, les cartes de contours peuvent servir, entre autres choses, à la restitution géométrique, à la recherche d'éléments linéaires, ainsi qu'à la segmentation. La création de ces cartes est faite relativement tôt dans la chaîne de traitements d'une image. Pour assurer la qualité des opérations subséquentes, il faut veiller à obtenir une carte de contours précise. Notre problématique est de savoir s'il est possible de diminuer la perte de temps liée au choix d'algorithme et de paramètre en corrigeant automatiquement la carte de contours. Nous concentrerons donc nos efforts sur le développement d'une méthode de détection/restauration de contours adaptative. Notre méthode s'inspire d'une technique de prédiction des performances d'algorithmes de bas niveau. Elle consiste à intégrer un traitement par réseau de neurones à une méthode"classique" de détection de contours. Plus précisément, nous proposons de combiner la carte de performances avec la carte de gradient pour permettre des décisions plus exactes. La présente étude a permis de développer un logiciel comprenant un réseau de neurones entraîné pour prédire la présence de contours. Ce réseau de neurones permet d'améliorer les décisions de détecteurs de contours, en réduisant le nombre de pixels de fausses alarmes et de contours manqués. La première étape de ce travail consiste en une méthode d'évaluation de performance pour les cartes de contours. Une fois ce choix effectué, il devient possible de comparer les cartes entre elles. Il est donc plus aisé de déterminer, pour chaque image, la meilleure détection de contours. La revue de la littérature réalisée simultanément a permis de faire un choix d'un groupe d'indicateurs prometteurs pour la restauration de contours. Ces derniers ont servi à la calibration et à l'entrainement d'un réseau de neurones pour modéliser les contours. Par la suite, l'information fournie par ce réseau a été combinée par multiplication arithmétique avec les cartes d'amplitudes de détecteurs"classiques" afin de fournir de nouvelles cartes d'amplitude du gradient. Le seuillage de ces contours donne des cartes de contours"optimisées". Sur les images aéroportées du jeu de données South Florida, la médiane des mesures-F de la pour l'algorithme de Sobel passe de 51,3 % avant la fusion à 56,4 % après. La médiane des mesures-F pour l'algorithme de Kirsch amélioré est de 56,3 % et celle de Frei-Chen amélioré est de 56,3 %. Pour l'algorithme de Sobel avec seuillage adaptatif, la mesure-F médiane est de 52,3 % avant fusion et de 57,2 % après fusion.En guise de comparaison, la mesure-F médiane pour le détecteur de Moon, mathématiquement optimal pour contours de type"rampe", est de 53,3 % et celle de l'algorithme de Canny, est de 61,1 %. L'applicabilité de notre algorithme se limite aux images qui, après filtrage, ont un rapport signal sur bruit supérieur ou égal à 20. Sur les photos au sol du jeu de données de South Florida, les résultats sont comparables à ceux obtenus sur les images aéroportées. Par contre, sur le jeu de données de Berkeley, les résultats n'ont pas été concluants. Sur une imagette IKONOS du campus de l'Université de Sherbrooke, pour l'algorithme de Sobel, la mesure-F est de 45,7 % «0,9 % avant la fusion et de 50,8 % après. Sur une imagette IKONOS de l'Agence Spatiale Canadienne, pour l'algorithme de Sobel avec seuillage adaptatif, la mesure-F est de 35,4 % «0,9 % avant la fusion et de 42,2 % après. Sur cette même image, l'algorithme de Argyle (Canny sans post-traitement) a une mesure-F de 35,1 % «0,9 % avant fusion et de 39,5 % après. Nos travaux ont permis d'améliorer la banque d'indicateurs de Chalmond, rendant possible le prétraitement avant le seuillage de la carte de gradient. À chaque étape, nous proposons un choix de paramètres permettant d'utiliser efficacement la méthode proposée. Les contours corrigés sont plus fins, plus complets et mieux localisés que les contours originaux. Une étude de sensibilité a été effectuée et permet de mieux comprendre la contribution de chaque indicateur. L'efficacité de l'outil développé est comparable à celle d'autres méthodes de détection de contours et en fait un choix intéressant pour la détection de contours. Les différences de qualité observées entre notre méthode et celle de Canny semble être dues à l'utilisation, ou non, de post-traitements. Grâce au logiciel développé, il est possible de réutiliser la méthodologie; cette dernière a permis d'opérationnaliser la méthode proposée. La possibilité de réutiliser le filtre, sans réentrainement est intéressante. La simplicité du paramétrage lors de l'utilisation est aussi un avantage. Ces deux facteurs répondent à un besoin de réduire le temps d'utilisation du logiciel

Generative Mesh Modeling

Generative Modeling is an alternative approach for the description of three-dimensional shape. The basic idea is to represent a model not as usual by an agglomeration of geometric primitives (triangles, point clouds, NURBS patches), but by functions. The paradigm change from objects to operations allows for a procedural representation of procedural shapes, such as most man-made objects. Instead of storing only the result of a 3D construction, the construction process itself is stored in a model file. The generative approach opens truly new perspectives in many ways, among others also for 3D knowledge management. It permits for instance to resort to a repository of already solved modeling problems, in order to re-use this knowledge also in different, slightly varied situations. The construction knowledge can be collected in digital libraries containing domain-specific parametric modeling tools. A concrete realization of this approach is a new general description language for 3D models, the "Generative Modeling Language" GML. As a Turing-complete "shape programming language" it is a basis of existing, primitv based 3D model formats. Together with its Runtime engine the GML permits - to store highly complex 3D models in a compact form, - to evaluate the description within fractions of a second, - to adaptively tesselate and to interactively display the model, - and even to change the models high-level parameters at runtime.Die generative Modellierung ist ein alternativer Ansatz zur Beschreibung von dreidimensionaler Form. Zugrunde liegt die Idee, ein Modell nicht wie üblich durch eine Ansammlung geometrischer Primitive (Dreiecke, Punkte, NURBS-Patches) zu beschreiben, sondern durch Funktionen. Der Paradigmenwechsel von Objekten zu Geometrie-erzeugenden Operationen ermöglicht es, prozedurale Modelle auch prozedural zu repräsentieren. Statt das Resultat eines 3D-Konstruktionsprozesses zu speichern, kann so der Konstruktionsprozess selber repräsentiert werden. Der generative Ansatz eröffnet unter anderem gänzlich neue Perspektiven für das Wissensmanagement im 3D-Bereich. Er ermöglicht etwa, auf einen Fundus bereits gelöster Konstruktions-Aufgaben zurückzugreifen, um sie in ähnlichen, aber leicht variierten Situationen wiederverwenden zu können. Das Konstruktions-Wissen kann dazu in Form von Bibliotheken parametrisierter, Domänen-spezifischer Modellier-Werkzeuge gesammelt werden. Konkret wird dazu eine neue allgemeine Modell-Beschreibungs-Sprache vorgeschlagen, die "Generative Modeling Language" GML. Als Turing-mächtige "Programmiersprache für Form" stellt sie eine echte Verallgemeinerung existierender Primitiv-basierter 3D-Modellformate dar. Zusammen mit ihrer Runtime-Engine erlaubt die GML, - hochkomplexe 3D-Objekte extrem kompakt zu beschreiben, - die Beschreibung innerhalb von Sekundenbruchteilen auszuwerten, - das Modell adaptiv darzustellen und interaktiv zu betrachten, - und die Modell-Parameter interaktiv zu verändern

Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program FY 2005 Annual Report

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program reports its status to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in March of each year. The program operates under the authority of DOE Order 413.2A, 'Laboratory Directed Research and Development' (January 8, 2001), which establishes DOE's requirements for the program while providing the Laboratory Director broad flexibility for program implementation. LDRD funds are obtained through a charge to all Laboratory programs. This report describes all ORNL LDRD research activities supported during FY 2005 and includes final reports for completed projects and shorter progress reports for projects that were active, but not completed, during this period. The FY 2005 ORNL LDRD Self-Assessment (ORNL/PPA-2006/2) provides financial data about the FY 2005 projects and an internal evaluation of the program's management process. ORNL is a DOE multiprogram science, technology, and energy laboratory with distinctive capabilities in materials science and engineering, neutron science and technology, energy production and end-use technologies, biological and environmental science, and scientific computing. With these capabilities ORNL conducts basic and applied research and development (R&D) to support DOE's overarching national security mission, which encompasses science, energy resources, environmental quality, and national nuclear security. As a national resource, the Laboratory also applies its capabilities and skills to the specific needs of other federal agencies and customers through the DOE Work For Others (WFO) program. Information about the Laboratory and its programs is available on the Internet at <http://www. ornl.gov/>. LDRD is a relatively small but vital DOE program that allows ORNL, as well as other multiprogram DOE laboratories, to select a limited number of R&D projects for the purpose of: (1) maintaining the scientific and technical vitality of the Laboratory; (2) enhancing the Laboratory's ability to address future DOE missions; (3) fostering creativity and stimulating exploration of forefront science and technology; (4) serving as a proving ground for new research; and (5) supporting high-risk, potentially high-value R&D. Through LDRD the Laboratory is able to improve its distinctive capabilities and enhance its ability to conduct cutting-edge R&D for its DOE and WFO sponsors. To meet the LDRD objectives and fulfill the particular needs of the Laboratory, ORNL has established a program with two components: the Director's R&D Fund and the Seed Money Fund. As outlined in Table 1, these two funds are complementary. The Director's R&D Fund develops new capabilities in support of the Laboratory initiatives, while the Seed Money Fund is open to all innovative ideas that have the potential for enhancing the Laboratory's core scientific and technical competencies. Provision for multiple routes of access to ORNL LDRD funds maximizes the likelihood that novel and seminal ideas with scientific and technological merit will be recognized and supported

The 45th Australasian Universities Building Education Association Conference: Global Challenges in a Disrupted World: Smart, Sustainable and Resilient Approaches in the Built Environment, Conference Proceedings, 23 - 25 November 2022, Western Sydney University, Kingswood Campus, Sydney, Australia

This is the proceedings of the 45th Australasian Universities Building Education Association (AUBEA) conference which will be hosted by Western Sydney University in November 2022. The conference is organised by the School of Engineering, Design, and Built Environment in collaboration with the Centre for Smart Modern Construction, Western Sydney University. This year’s conference theme is “Global Challenges in a Disrupted World: Smart, Sustainable and Resilient Approaches in the Built Environment”, and expects to publish over a hundred double-blind peer review papers under the proceedings