Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Dianthus virgineus (Caryophyllaceae) and its taxonomic consequences

A lectotype is designated for the name Dianthus virgineus. The relationships between D. virgineus, D. caryophyllus var. caryophyllus, and D. caryophyllus var. inodorus are analyzed. Dianthus virgineus is the oldest available name that applies to a species complex that is often referred to as D. sylvestris or a broad circumscription of the cultivated ornamental D. caryophyllus. The taxonomic consequences are discussed, and the need for further studies is highlighted

Effect of Gibberellic Acid, Kinetin and Indole 3-Acetic Acid on Seed Germination Performance of Dianthus caryophyllus (Carnation)

The experiment was undertaken with an objective to investigate the effect of various concentrations of plant growth regulators, i.e., Gibberellic acid (GA3), Kinetin and Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) on seed germination of Dianthus caryophyllus. Dianthus seeds were soaked in different concentrations (0 ppm or control, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm) of each of GA3, Kinetin and IAA for 24 h at room temperature (25±2oC). Three replicates of each treatment with ten seeds per replicate were arranged for precise physiological analysis. Significant variation was found in all aspects after analysis of variance (ANOVA) of each mean value. After two weeks of seed soaking, it was noted that germination percentages were significantly accelerated by lower concentrations (10 and 20 ppm) of used hormones. Amongst the three potential growth regulators, 20 ppm was found most effective because it showed highest germination percentage for GA3 (87.46%), Kinetin (78.92%) and IAA (75.35%). A great deal of information relating to seed germination practices shows that these plant growth regulators were efficient in overcoming dormancy leading to rapid seed germination. GA3 was selected as best hormone in this study, which showed highest seed germination (87.46%). These results could be useful in large scale cultivation of Dianthus caryophyllus plants to improve its floricultural impact worldwide

Adventitious shoot formation and plant regeneration from leaf explants of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

Shoot multiplication and regeneration system was developed for two carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars. For shoot multiplication, shoots of White Sim cultivar were cultivated onto MS media containing different levels of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). High multiplication frequency was obtained on media containing 0.54 μM NAA combined with 4.4 or 8.8 μM BA. For regeneration study, leaf explants from White Sim and Red Sim cultivars were cultured onto media containing different concentrations of N-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-y-N’-N’-phenyl urea (TDZ) combined with different concentrations of NAA. Shoot regeneration was obtained only on media containing high concentrations of the cytokinin, up to 85% shoot regeneration was obtained with 20 μM TDZ and 2.7 μM NAA in ‘White Sim’ and 75% in ‘Red Sim’. Similar trend was observed with shoot number in both cultivars. High root regeneration was obtained when the explants were cultured on medium with NAA only. Shoot regeneration was associated with callus formation. Regenerated shoots were rooted ex vitro, acclimatized and grown normally in the greenhouse.Keywords: Cytokinins, carnation, multiplication, regeneration, thidiazuronAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(21), pp. 3244-324

Regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation studies in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Turbo)

Leaf explants of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Turbo) were used for the transformation of gene performed by the EHA 105 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the binary vector, pGA482GG. This vector carries the marker genes, neomycin phosphotansferase II (npt II) that determine resistance to kanamycin and -glucoronidase (GUS). Leaf segments of carnation plants were cultured on MS medium containing different combinations and concentrations of hormones. The best shootregeneration was observed on MS medium with 1 mg/L BAP+ 0.05 mg/L NAA. Initiation of root formation was performed on MS medium containing 0.5 mg /L IBA. Transformation was done by the EHA 105 strain of A. tumefaciens, after determining the appropriate medium and the plant tissue for the transformation. Plant tissues, selected on MS medium containing kanamycin, were tested by isolating them from transgenic plant tissues and shoots regenerated from these transgenic plants. PCR weredone to indicate transformed GUS gene; 660 bp specific DNA bands of GUS were observed. In this work, an appropriate regeneration system for later studies on carnation and an efficient technique for the transformation of important genes that can resist diseases, using A. tumefaciens were developed

Development of Micropropagation System and Reduction of Hyperhydricity in Regenerants of Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus L. Cv. Maldives)

This study was carried out with the main objectives of developing a micropropagation system for Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Maldives and reducing hyperhydricity for healthy shoot production. The development of a micropropagation system included selection of explant and combination-concentration of growth regulators, optimization, multiplication of shoots, rooting and acclimatization. Hyperhydricity study included selection of types of closure and gelling agents, application of ventilated culture vessel, multiplication of recovered shoots and acclimatization of recovered plantlets. The experiment was factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Each treatment consisted of twelve explants per replicate. In axillary proliferation of shoots using two types of explant and five combinationconcentrations of growth regulators, node explant placed on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA was the most suitable combination in stimulating high axillary shoot production with low rate of hyperhydricity. Lowering the concentration of NAA from 0.1 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L in combination with 1.0 mg/L BA in the optimization experiment improved axillary shoot production from 4.9 to 5.6 shoots per explant and reduced hyperhydricity to less than 30%. In adventitious shoot formation from three explants placed on five concentrations of BA and NAA, the first young and fully developed leaves placed on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA and 0.01 mg/L NAA was the most suitable combination in inducing high adventitious shoot formation (43.3%) with lower hyperhydricity (60.0%) compared to other combinations tested. MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BA with 0.05 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA with 0.1 mg/L NAA were the most appropriate media in inducing high shoot multiplication, whereas MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA with 0.02 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L BA with 0.01 mg/L NAA were most suitable in producing good quality shoots for rooting. High production of good quality shoots were produced only after the first subculture and reduced in the subsequent subcultures

Evaluation of genetic parameters for agro-metrical characters in carnation genotypes

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is a worldwide reputed cut-flower crop. The objective of the study was to estimate various genetic parameters like critical difference (CD), phenotypic and genotypic variance, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV and GCV), broad sense heritability and genetic gain, etc. of Dianthus genotypes in order to assess the magnitude of variability for various agro-metrical characters.The study revealed highly significant differences for all the studied characters, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. The phenotypic coefficient of variation(PCV) was higher than its corresponding genotypic counterpart (GCV) for all characters studied. The highest GCV and PCV were evident in total branches per plant; and their lowest values for total number of flowers per plant along with plant height taken at 50% flowering phase. Broad sense heritability ranged from 33.33 (days to seed germination) to 95.30 (plant height at 50% flowering) per cent. Flowers per plant showed low genetic gain; hence, heterosis breeding would be recommended. These characters may serve as effective selection parameter in breeding programme for crop improvement

Evaluasi Keragaan Morfologi Sembilan Klon Hasil Persilangan Anyelir (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

Anyelir (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas bunga potong komersial yang sangat penting di dunia. Tanaman anyelir mempunyai susunan genetik yang heterozigot, tetapi tanaman F1 terseleksi dari hasil persilangan langsung dapat dijadikan tanaman induk sebagai sumber perbanyakan vegetatif. Setiap klon F1 berbeda secara genetik. Tujuan percobaan  ialah mendapatkan klon-klon anyelir bunga potong yang memiliki kombinasi karakter morfologi tanaman dan bunga yang unggul. Percobaan dilaksanakan di rumah lindung Instalasi Penelitian dan Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (IP2TP) Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat, dengan ketinggian 1,100 m dpl, dari bulan Januari  sampai dengan Desember  2019. Penelitian ditata dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap dengan sembilan perlakuan, yaitu : D 1.1, D 3.13, D 5.1, D 5.4, D 5.5, D 8.5, D 8.8, D 13.13 dan D 13.14 dan tiga ulangan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa klon D 13.14 terpilih sebagai klon harapan anyelir bunga potong, karena memiliki kombinasi karakter morfologi tanaman dan bunga yang unggul, yaitu tanaman kokoh, diameter bunga besar (7.52 cm), jumlah petal terbanyak (87.67 helai), kesegaran bunga terlama (13.83 hari) dan warna bunga merah menyala.Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most important commercial cut flower commodities in the world. Carnation plants have a heterozygous genetic arrangement, but the F1 plants resulted from crosses can be directly used as mother plants as a source of vegetative propagation. Each F1 clone is has genetically specific. The aim of the experiment was to obtain clones of cut flower carnation as a result of crosses that had a superior combination of plant and flower characters. The experiment was carried out in a protected house in the Installation of Agricultural Research and Technology Assessment Cipanas, Cianjur, West Java, with an  altitude of 1,100 m above sea level, from January to December 2019. The study was arranged in a complete randomized block design with nine treatments, namely: D 1.1, D 3.13 , D 5.1, D 5.4, D 5.5, D 8.5, D 8.8, D 13.13 and D 13.14 and three replications. The results showed that the D 13.14 was the best  performance clone based on the characters of sturdiness, large flower diameter (7.52 cm), highest number of petals (87.67 pieces), longest flower fresshness (13.83 days) and bright red flower color

Detection of high molecular weight dsRNA persisting in Dianthus species

Cryptic plant viruses are seed-borne dsRNA-viruses, which co-exist life-long with the host plant, without inducing any apparent symptoms. Since growth conditions and the hostvirus combination (cultivar, strain, isolate, thermotherapy, etc.) are known to influence virus multiplication, we wanted to find out what effect long-term tissue culturing has on the survival of carnation cryptic virus (CarCV). 21 members of Hungarian Dianthus germplasm collection have been aseptically grown for 16 years. Total nucleic acids of these Dianthus species and of Silene vulgaris were separated by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and the dsRNA-pattern was visualized by immunoblotting using dsRNA-specific monoclonal antibodies. Genomic dsRNAs of CarCV were detected in D. caryophyllus. In four additional species: D. superbus, D. giganteus D. gratianapolitanus and Silene vulgaris several dsRNA-species in the same size range as the genomic dsRNAs of CarCV were detected. We also show that three other cryptoviruses, the beet cryptic viruses BCV1, -2 and –3 can persist under in vitro conditions. Our results indicate that cryptic viruses are so well adapted to their hosts that they can persist after more than a decade of in vitro culturing despite the dramatic change of the environment

Kritik tehlikedeki Dianthus ingoldbyi turrill’in yavaş büyüme koşulları altında ın vitro korunması

This study was performed in order to micropropagate the critically endangered Balkan endemic Dianthus ingoldbyi and to investigate the anatomical and morphological characteristic of shoots following the slowing down of the growth of in vitro shoots under cold and dark conditions. For this purpose, axillary buds isolated from aseptic seedlings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium including 1mg/L Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.3mg/L Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and a regeneration ratio of 84.8% was obtained. The number of shoots per explant was 5.9 after 30 days from culture initial and the mean shoot length was 3.6cm. These shoots were transferred to MS medium including 0.5mg/L NAA and stored at 4 oC in a refrigerator in total darkness for 1-6 months without subculturing. 58% of shoots survived after 6 months of cold storage conditions. Growth of shoots was significantly slowed down and there was no anatomical or morphological deformation at the end of the experimental period. Shoots transferred to normal conditions from cold storage developed better than the control group. Well rooted plants were acclimatized to outdoor conditions with a survival rate of 48%. In conclusion, the cold storage technique used in this study is suggested as an effective method for in vitro conservation of the critically endangered D. ingoldbyi.Bu çalışma kritik biçimde tehlike altındaki Balkan endemiği Dianthus ingoldbyi’nin mikroçoğaltımı ve düşük sıcaklık ve karanlık koşullar altında in vitro sürgünlerin büyümesinin yavaşlatılmasını takiben sürgünlerin anatomik ve morfolojik karakterlerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, aseptik fidelerden elde edilen aksillar tomurcuklar 1mg/L Benzilaminopürin (BAP) ve 0,3mg/L Naftalen asetik asit (NAA) içeren Murashige and Skoog (MS) besi yerinde kültüre alınarak %84,8 oranında rejenerasyon elde edilmiştir. Kültürün 30. gününde eksplant başına sürgün oranı 5,9 iken ortalama sürgün uzunluğu 3,6cm olmuştur. Bu sürgünler 0,5mg/L NAA içeren MS besi yerine aktarılarak buzdolabında sürekli karanlık koşullarda ve 4oC sıcaklıkta alt kültüre almaksızın 1-6 ay süresince depolanmıştır. Soğukta depolamanın 6. ayı sonunda sürgünlerin %58’i hayatta kalmıştır. Deneylerin sonunda hayatta kalan sürgünlerin büyümesinin anlamlı düzeyde yavaşladığı, anatomik ve morfolojik açıdan herhangi bir deformasyonun bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Soğukta depolamadan normal koşullara aktarılan sürgünler kontrol grubundan daha iyi gelişmişlerdir. İyice köklenen fidelerin %48’i başarılı biçimde dış koşullara şaşırtılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada kullanılan soğukta depolama tekniğinin kritik tehlikedeki D. ingoldbyi’nin in vitro korunmasında etkili bir metot olduğu öne sürülmektedi