Development of deactivation of the default-mode network during episodic memory formation

Task-induced deactivation of the default-mode network (DMN) has been associated in adults with successful episodic memory formation, possibly as a mechanism to focus allocation of mental resources for successful encoding of external stimuli. We investigated developmental changes of deactivation of the DMN (posterior cingulate, medial prefrontal, and bilateral lateral parietal cortices) during episodic memory formation in children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 8–24), who studied scenes during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Recognition memory improved with age. We defined DMN regions of interest from a different sample of participants with the same age range, using resting-state fMRI. In adults, there was greater deactivation of the DMN for scenes that were later remembered than scenes that were later forgotten. In children, deactivation of the default-network did not differ reliably between scenes that were later remembered or forgotten. Adolescents exhibited a pattern of activation intermediate to that of children and adults. The hippocampal region, often considered part of the DMN, showed a functional dissociation with the rest of the DMN by exhibiting increased activation for later remembered than later forgotten scene that was similar across age groups. These findings suggest that development of memory ability from childhood through adulthood may involve increased deactivation of the neocortical DMN during learning

EEG oscillations during sleep and dream recall. State- or trait-like individual differences?

Dreaming represents a peculiar form of cognitive activity during sleep. On the basis of the well-known relationship between sleep and memory, there has been a growing interest in the predictive role of human brain activity during sleep on dream recall. Neuroimaging studies indicate that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is characterized by limbic activation and prefrontal cortex deactivation. This pattern could explain the presence of emotional contents in dream reports. Furthermore, the morphoanatomical measures of amygdala and hippocampus predict some features of dream contents (bizarreness, vividness, and emotional load). More relevant for a general view of dreaming mechanisms, empirical data from neuropsychological and electroencephalographic (EEG) studies support the hypothesis that there is a sort of continuity between the neurophysiological mechanisms of encoding and retrieval of episodic memories across sleep and wakefulness. A notable overlap between the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying emotional memory formation and some peculiar EEG features of REM sleep has been suggested. In particular, theta (5–8 Hz) EEG oscillations on frontal regions in the pre-awakening sleep are predictive of dream recall, which parallels the predictive relation during wakefulness between theta activity and successful retrieval of episodic memory. Although some observations support an interpretation more in terms of an intraindividual than interindividual mechanism, the existing empirical evidence still precludes from definitely disentangling if this relation is explained by state- or trait-like differences

Neural Correlates Of Episodic Memory Formation In Children And Adults

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are two key brain regions that support episodic memory formation in both children and adults, but the functional developmental of these regions remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the development of neural correlates of episodic memory formation using functional MRI with a subsequent memory paradigm, administered to a cross-sectional sample of 83 children and adults. We found that MTL subregions showed an age-related increase in activation supporting memory formation of complex scenes. In addition, a functionally defined scene-sensitive region in the posterior MTL also showed similar increase and predicted better memory for complex scenes. Within the PFC we found age-related increase in both activation and deactivation that support memory formation. Finally, we found age-related increase in the functional connectivity between dorsal lateral PFC and posterior MTL regions. Taken together, these findings suggest that the continued functional development of the MTL and the PFC is crucial for age-related improvements in memory

Object-Location Memory Training in Older Adults Leads to Greater Deactivation of the Dorsal Default Mode Network

Substantial evidence indicates that cognitive training can be efficacious for older adults, but findings regarding training-related brain plasticity have been mixed and vary depending on the imaging modality. Recent years have seen a growth in recognition of the importance of large-scale brain networks on cognition. In particular, task-induced deactivation within the default mode network (DMN) is thought to facilitate externally directed cognition, while aging-related decrements in this neural process are related to reduced cognitive performance. It is not yet clear whether task-induced deactivation within the DMN can be enhanced by cognitive training in the elderly. We previously reported durable cognitive improvements in a sample of healthy older adults (age range = 60-75) who completed 6 weeks of process-based object-location memory training (N = 36) compared to an active control training group (N = 31). The primary aim of the current study is to evaluate whether these cognitive gains are accompanied by training-related changes in task-related DMN deactivation. Given the evidence for heterogeneity of the DMN, we examine task-related activation/deactivation within two separate DMN branches, a ventral branch related to episodic memory and a dorsal branch more closely resembling the canonical DMN. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an untrained object-location memory task at four time points before, during, and after the training period. Task-induced (de)activation values were extracted for the ventral and dorsal DMN branches at each time point. Relative to visual fixation baseline: (i) the dorsal DMN was deactivated during the scanner task, while the ventral DMN was activated; (ii) the object-location memory training group exhibited an increase in dorsal DMN deactivation relative to the active control group over the course of training and follow-up; (iii) changes in dorsal DMN deactivation did not correlate with task improvement. These results indicate a training-related enhancement of task-induced deactivation of the dorsal DMN, although the specificity of this improvement to the cognitive task performed in the scanner is not clear

The impact of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism on cognition and functional brain networks in patients with intractable partial epilepsy

INTRODUCTION: Medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is the most common refractory focal epilepsy in adults. Around 30%-40% of patients have prominent memory impairment and experience significant postoperative memory and language decline after surgical treatment. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has also been associated with cognition and variability in structural and functional hippocampal indices in healthy controls and some patient groups. AIMS: We examined whether BDNF Val66Met variation was associated with cognitive impairment in mTLE. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the association of Val66Met polymorphism with cognitive performance (n = 276), postoperative cognitive change (n = 126) and fMRI activation patterns during memory encoding and language paradigms in 2 groups of patients with mTLE (n = 37 and 34). RESULTS: mTLE patients carrying the Met allele performed more poorly on memory tasks and showed reduced medial temporal lobe activation and reduced task-related deactivations within the default mode networks in both the fMRI memory and language tasks than Val/Val patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although cognitive impairment in epilepsy is the result of a complex interaction of factors, our results suggest a role of genetic factors on cognitive impairment in mTLE

Apolipoprotein E4, inhibitory network dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease.

Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk and decreasing age of disease onset. Many studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of apoE4 in varying cellular contexts. However, the underlying mechanisms explaining how apoE4 leads to cognitive decline are not fully understood. Recently, the combination of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) modeling of neurological diseases in vitro and electrophysiological studies in vivo have begun to unravel the intersection between apoE4, neuronal subtype dysfunction or loss, subsequent network deficits, and eventual cognitive decline. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature describing apoE4's detrimental effects in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically focusing on its contribution to neuronal subtype dysfunction or loss. We focus on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing interneurons in the hippocampus, which are selectively vulnerable to apoE4-mediated neurotoxicity. Additionally, we discuss the importance of the GABAergic inhibitory network to proper cognitive function and how dysfunction of this network manifests in AD. Finally, we examine how apoE4-mediated GABAergic interneuron loss can lead to inhibitory network deficits and how this deficit results in cognitive decline. We propose the following working model: Aging and/or stress induces neuronal expression of apoE. GABAergic interneurons are selectively vulnerable to intracellularly produced apoE4, through a tau dependent mechanism, which leads to their dysfunction and eventual death. In turn, GABAergic interneuron loss causes hyperexcitability and dysregulation of neural networks in the hippocampus and cortex. This dysfunction results in learning, memory, and other cognitive deficits that are the central features of AD

Evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging of functional and structural connectivities of neurofunctional networks in mild Alzheimer's disease dementia and amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects

Orientador: Márcio Luiz Figueredo BalthazarTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: A demência por doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa na qual ocorrem alterações cognitivas, neuropsiquiátricas e funcionais. Avanços recentes no estudo da neuroimagem na DA mostraram que as alterações presentes nesse grupo de pacientes não se restringem apenas às estruturas anatômicas particulares (tema abordado no ARTIGO 2), mas estendem-se também às redes neurofuncionais, as quais podem gerar problemas de memória e função executiva, entre outros. Devido às alterações estruturais apresentadas por atrofia, ao depósito de placas senis e emaranhados neurofibrilares, bem como à redução no metabolismo de glicose presente nas suas regiões, a Default Mode Network (DMN) tornou-se a rede neurofuncional de maior interesse no campo da DA. O principal objetivo desta Tese foi, dessa maneira, avaliar a conectividade de redes neurofuncionais na DA - enfatizando sobretudo na DMN, e suas relações com a cognição. Além disso, estudamos também outros aspectos anatômicos na DA - como alterações de substância branca e cinzenta no cérebro inteiro. No ARTIGO 1 mostramos que as alterações causadas pela doença afetam também áreas subcorticais como o tálamo e o corpo caloso, o que se relaciona com o déficit cognitivo dos pacientes. Em outro estudo com carácter mais exploratório (ARTIGO 6), mostramos que à medida em que a doença progrediu, as alterações na substância branca ocorreram de maneira mais extensa do que o esperado, levando em consideração as alterações estruturais encontradas na substância cinzenta. Assim, nossos dados sugerem que danos na substância branca possam ocorrer de maneira independente ao dano cortical. O ARTIGO 8, nesse contexto, traz um apanhado de resultados moleculares e de imagem que reforçam a hipótese de uma degeneração de redes neurofuncionais específicas em doenças neurodegenerativas, onde a propagação de proteínas alteradas ocorre ao longo dos tratos de substância branca (no caso da DA, em especial e primariamente nos tratos da DMN). Com isso em mente, no ARTIGO 4 tivemos como objetivo isolar apenas os tratos da DMN para avaliar o quão íntegro estruturalmente eles se apresentam na doença. De fato, observamos que pacientes com DA apresentam alterações microestruturais nos tratos da DMN, que contribuem para o déficit na performance cognitiva desses pacientes. No ARTIGO 5, investigamos não apenas a conectividade funcional das regiões da DMN, como também a média das amplitudes de baixa frequência (ALFF) do sinal BOLD dessas regiões. Encontramos que sujeitos com Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve amnéstico (CCLa, sujeitos sob risco de desenvolverem DA) por exemplo, possuem ALFF reduzido em regiões específicas da DMN, porém sem apresentar desconexão funcional entre elas. Pacientes com DA, entretanto, possuem não apenas ALFF reduzido em algumas regiões, mas também desconexão funcional entre elas. As amplitudes de ambos os grupos, entretanto, não possuem relação com o déficit cognitivo apresentado pelos pacientes; ao contrário da conectividade funcional dessas regiões. No ARTIGO 3, mostramos que outras redes neurofuncionais, como a de Linguagem e a de Controle Executivo também estão alteradas na DA. Em termos de correlatos neuropsicológicos apenas a conectividade da DMN mostrou relação com a performance em testes de memória episódica. No ARTIGO 7, por vez, tivemos como objetivo explorar outras hipóteses envolvendo a função da DMN. Nele, abordamos a questão da alteração do self nos pacientes com DA, e sugerimos uma relação com a atividade intrínseca do cérebro e o sentimento de auto-continuidade no tempoAbstract: Alzheimer¿s (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that presents with cognitive, neuropsychiatric and functional alterations. Recent studies in the neuroimaging field of AD have shown that the alterations observed in these patients are not limited to specific anatomic structures (as shown in chapter 2) but also compromise neurofunctional networks, which can lead to memory and executive function impairment, among others. Due to the structural alterations such as atrophy, burden of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorilated tau, and metabolism reduction presented in its regions, the Default Mode Network (DMN) has become the most studied network in the AD field. Thus, the main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the functional and structural connectivities of the neurofunctional networks in AD ¿ emphasizing the DMN, and the relationship with cognition. Besides that, we have also studied some other anatomical aspects in AD, such as alterations in white and grey matter. In Chapter 1, we have shown that the alterations caused by the disease also affect subcortical areas such as the thalamus and the corpus callosum, which correlates to the cognitive deficit of the patients. In another exploratory study (Chapter 6), we observed that as the disease progressed, the alterations in white matter occurred were more extensive than expected, considering the structural alterations of the grey matter. Our results suggest that damage in white matter can occur independently of grey matter damage. In this context, Chapter 8 brings molecular and imaging results that reinforce the hypothesis that neurodegenerative diseases affect specific neurofunctional networks, and the propagation of altered proteins occur through white matter tracts (along DMN tracts). Keeping this in mind, in Chapter 4 we had as a main objective to isolate only the DMN tracts, in order to evaluate its structural connectivity in AD. Indeed, we observed that structural microalterations are present in DMN tracts of AD patients, contributing to their cognitive deficits. In Chapter 5, we not only investigated the functional connectivity of DMN regions, but also the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of the blood oxygenation level signal of these regions. We found that amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects (aMCI ¿ subjects at risk for developing AD) for instance, have decreased ALFF in specific regions of the DMN, though not presenting alterations in functional connectivity. AD patients, however, present both reduced ALFF and connectivity in the DMN regions. Interestingly, ALFF values did not correlate with the cognitive impairment of the patients; but connectivity values did. In Chapter 3, we have shown that other networks such as the Language and Executive Functions are also altered in AD. The functional connectivity of the DMN, in turn, correlated with episodic memory function. In Chapter 7, our main objective was to explore some other hypothesis involving the DMN function. Here, we mentioned the alterations in the self presented in AD patients and suggest a relationship with the brain intrinsic activity and the feeling of self continuity across timeDoutoradoCiencias BiomedicasDoutora em Ciências Médicas2013/10431-9FAPES

The Default Mode Network in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Disease

In the past decade, a “default mode network” (DMN) has been highlighted in neuroimaging studies as a set of brain regions showing increased activity in task-free state compared to cognitively demanding task, and synchronized activity at rest. Changes within this network have been described in healthy aging as well as in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and populations at risk for AD, that is, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) patients and APOE-ε4 carriers. This is of particular interest in the context of early diagnosis and more generally for our understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms of AD. This paper gives an overview of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of this network as well as its relationships with cognition, before focusing on changes in the DMN over normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. While perturbations of the DMN have been consistently reported, especially within the posterior cingulate, further studies are needed to understand their clinical implication

Elemental spatial and temporal association formation in left temporal lobe epilepsy

The mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is typically understood as a memory structure in clinical settings, with the sine qua non of MTL damage in epilepsy being memory impairment. Recent models, however, understand memory as one of a number of higher cognitive functions that recruit the MTL through their reliance on more fundamental processes, such as “self-projection” or “association formation”. We examined how damage to the left MTL influences these fundamental processes through the encoding of elemental spatial and temporal associations. We used a novel fMRI task to image the encoding of simple visual stimuli, either rich or impoverished, in spatial or spatial plus temporal information. Participants included 14 typical adults (36.4 years, sd. 10.5 years) and 14 patients with left mesial temporal lobe damage as evidenced by a clinical diagnosis of left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and left MTL impairment on imaging (34.3 years, sd. 6.6 years). In-scanner behavioral performance was equivalent across groups. In the typical group whole-brain analysis revealed highly significant bilateral parahippocampal activation (right > left) during spatial associative processing and left hippocampal/parahippocampal deactivation in joint spatial-temporal associative processing. In the left TLE group identical analyses indicated patients used MTL structures contralateral to the seizure focus differently and relied on extra-MTL regions to a greater extent. These results are consistent with the notion that epileptogenic MTL damage is followed by reorganization of networks underlying elemental associative processes. In addition, they provide further evidence that task-related fMRI deactivation can meaningfully index brain function. The implications of these findings for clinical and cognitive neuropsychological models of MTL function in TLE are discussed