Orientation and integration of images and image blocks with laser scanning data

Laser scanning and photogrammetry are methods for effective and accurate measurement and classification of urban and forest areas. Because these methods complement each other, then integration or integrated use brings additional benefits to real-life applications. However, finding tie features between data sets is a challenging task since laser scanning and imagery are far from each other in nature. The aim of this thesis was to create methods for solving relative orientations between laser scanning data and imagery that would assist in near-future applications integrating laser scanning and photogrammetry. Moreover, a further goal was to create methods enabling the use of data acquired from very different perspectives, such as terrestrial and airborne data. To meet these aims, an interactive orientation method enabling the use of single images, stereo images or larger image blocks was developed and tested. The multi-view approach usually has a significant advantage over the use of a single image. After accurate orientation of laser scanning data and imagery, versatile applications become available. Such applications include, e.g., automatic object recognition, accurate classification of individual trees, point cloud densification, automatic classification of land use, system calibration, and generation of photorealistic 3D models. Besides the orientation part, another aim of the research was to investigate how to fuse or use these two data types together in applications. As a result, examples that evaluated the behavior of laser point clouds in both urban and forestry areas, detection and visualization of temporal changes, enhanced data understanding, stereo visualization, multi-source and multi-angle data fusion, point cloud colorizing, and detailed examination of full waveform laser scanning data were given

3D object reconstruction using computer vision : reconstruction and characterization applications for external human anatomical structures

Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia Informática. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

Street Surfaces and Boundaries from Depth Image Sequences Using Probabilistic Models

This thesis presents an approach for the detection and reconstruction of street surfaces and boundaries from depth image sequences. Active driver assistance systems which monitor and interpret the environment based on vehicle mounted sensors to support the driver embody a current research focus of the automotive industry. An essential task of these systems is the modeling of the vehicle's static environment. This comprises the determination of the vertical slope and curvature characteristics of the street surface as well as the robust detection of obstacles and, thus, the free drivable space (alias free-space). In this regard, obstacles of low height, e.g. curbs, are of special interest since they often embody the first geometric delimiter of the free-space. The usage of depth images acquired from stereo camera systems becomes more important in this context due to the high data rate and affordable price of the sensor. However, recent approaches for object detection are often limited to the detection of objects which are distinctive in height, such as cars and guardrails, or explicitly address the detection of particular object classes. These approaches are usually based on extremely restrictive assumptions, such as planar street surfaces, in order to deal with the high measurement noise. The main contribution of this thesis is the development, analysis and evaluation of an approach which detects the free-space in the immediate maneuvering area in front of the vehicle and explicitly models the free-space boundary by means of a spline curve. The approach considers in particular obstacles of low height (higher than 10 cm) without limitation on particular object classes. Furthermore, the approach has the ability to cope with various slope and curvature characteristics of the observed street surface and is able to reconstruct this surface by means of a flexible spline model. In order to allow for robust results despite the flexibility of the model and the high measurement noise, the approach employs probabilistic models for the preprocessing of the depth map data as well as for the detection of the drivable free-space. An elevation model is computed from the depth map considering the paths of the optical rays and the uncertainty of the depth measurements. Based on this elevation model, an iterative two step approach is performed which determines the drivable free-space by means of a Markov Random Field and estimates the spline parameters of the free-space boundary curve and the street surface. Outliers in the elevation data are explicitly modeled. The performance of the overall approach and the influence of key components are systematically evaluated within experiments on synthetic and real world test scenarios. The results demonstrate the ability of the approach to accurately model the boundary of the drivable free-space as well as the street surface even in complex scenarios with multiple obstacles or strong curvature of the street surface. The experiments further reveal the limitations of the approach, which are discussed in detail.Schätzung von Straßenoberflächen und -begrenzungen aus Sequenzen von Tiefenkarten unter Verwendung probabilistischer Modelle Diese Arbeit präsentiert ein Verfahren zur Detektion und Rekonstruktion von Straßenoberflächen und -begrenzungen auf der Basis von Tiefenkarten. Aktive Fahrerassistenzsysteme, welche mit der im Fahrzeug verbauten Sensorik die Umgebung erfassen, interpretieren und den Fahrer unterstützen, sind ein aktueller Forschungsschwerpunkt der Fahrzeugindustrie. Eine wesentliche Aufgabe dieser Systeme ist die Modellierung der statischen Fahrzeugumgebung. Dies beinhaltet die Bestimmung der vertikalen Neigungs- und Krümmungseigenschaften der Fahrbahn, sowie die robuste Detektion von Hindernissen und somit des befahrbaren Freiraumes. Hindernisse von geringer Höhe, wie z.B. Bordsteine, sind in diesem Zusammenhang von besonderem Interesse, da sie häufig die erste geometrische Begrenzung des Fahrbahnbereiches darstellen. In diesem Kontext gewinnt die Verwendung von Tiefenkarten aus Stereo-Kamera-Systemen wegen der hohen Datenrate und relativ geringen Kosten des Sensors zunehmend an Bedeutung. Aufgrund des starken Messrauschens beschränken sich herkömmliche Verfahren zur Hinderniserkennung jedoch meist auf erhabene Objekte wie Fahrzeuge oder Leitplanken, oder aber adressieren einzelne Objektklassen wie Bordsteine explizit. Dazu werden häufig extrem restriktive Annahmen verwendet wie z.B. planare Straßenoberflächen. Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit besteht in der Entwicklung, Analyse und Evaluation eines Verfahrens, welches den befahrbaren Freiraum im Nahbereich des Fahrzeugs detektiert und dessen Begrenzung mit Hilfe einer Spline-Kurve explizit modelliert. Das Verfahren berücksichtigt insbesondere Hindernisse geringer Höhe (größer als 10 cm) ohne Beschränkung auf bestimmte Objektklassen. Weiterhin ist das Verfahren in der Lage, mit verschiedenartigen Neigungs- und Krümmungseigenschaften der vor dem Fahrzeug liegenden Fahrbahnoberfläche umzugehen und diese durch Verwendung eines flexiblen Spline-Modells zu rekonstruieren. Um trotz der hohen Flexibilität des Modells und des hohen Messrauschens robuste Ergebnisse zu erzielen, verwendet das Verfahren probabilistische Modelle zur Vorverarbeitung der Eingabedaten und zur Detektion des befahrbaren Freiraumes. Aus den Tiefenkarten wird unter Berücksichtigung der Strahlengänge und Unsicherheiten der Tiefenmessungen ein Höhenmodell berechnet. In einem iterativen Zwei-Schritt-Verfahren werden anhand dieses Höhenmodells der befahrbare Freiraum mit Hilfe eines Markov-Zufallsfeldes bestimmt sowie die Parameter der begrenzenden Spline-Kurve und Straßenoberfläche geschätzt. Ausreißer in den Höhendaten werden dabei explizit modelliert. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Gesamtverfahrens sowie der Einfluss zentraler Komponenten, wird im Rahmen von Experimenten auf synthetischen und realen Testszenen systematisch analysiert. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren die Fähigkeit des Verfahrens, die Begrenzung des befahrbaren Freiraumes sowie die Fahrbahnoberfläche selbst in komplexen Szenarien mit multiplen Hindernissen oder starker Fahrbahnkrümmung akkurat zu modellieren. Weiterhin werden die Grenzen des Verfahrens aufgezeigt und detailliert untersucht

Remote Sensing and Geosciences for Archaeology

This book collects more than 20 papers, written by renowned experts and scientists from across the globe, that showcase the state-of-the-art and forefront research in archaeological remote sensing and the use of geoscientific techniques to investigate archaeological records and cultural heritage. Very high resolution satellite images from optical and radar space-borne sensors, airborne multi-spectral images, ground penetrating radar, terrestrial laser scanning, 3D modelling, Geographyc Information Systems (GIS) are among the techniques used in the archaeological studies published in this book. The reader can learn how to use these instruments and sensors, also in combination, to investigate cultural landscapes, discover new sites, reconstruct paleo-landscapes, augment the knowledge of monuments, and assess the condition of heritage at risk. Case studies scattered across Europe, Asia and America are presented: from the World UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa to heritage under threat in the Middle East and North Africa, from coastal heritage in the intertidal flats of the German North Sea to Early and Neolithic settlements in Thessaly. Beginners will learn robust research methodologies and take inspiration; mature scholars will for sure derive inputs for new research and applications

Urban Informatics

This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity

Urban Informatics

This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity

Urban Informatics

This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity

Proceedings, MSVSCC 2016

Proceedings of the 10th Annual Modeling, Simulation & Visualization Student Capstone Conference held on April 14, 2016 at VMASC in Suffolk, Virginia